Fix SchemaError in FilterPushDown optimization with UNION ALL

[jonmmease]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #3281

Rationale for this change

Fix SchemaError

What changes are included in this PR?

This change here was initially proposed in #1781, but was removed during review since there wasn't a known situation (or test) that required it. The new test, union_all_on_projection, fails without this change.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #3282 (37aba41) into master (3d37016) will increase coverage by 0.07%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

❗ Current head 37aba41 differs from pull request most recent head 233e42e. Consider uploading reports for the commit 233e42e to get more accurate results

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #3282      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   85.74%   85.81%   +0.07%     
==========================================
  Files         294      294              
  Lines       53770    53775       +5     
==========================================
+ Hits        46104    46148      +44     
+ Misses       7666     7627      -39     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
datafusion/core/tests/sql/timestamp.rs	99.65% <ø> (-0.01%)	⬇️
datafusion/optimizer/src/filter_push_down.rs	98.38% <100.00%> (+0.02%)	⬆️
datafusion/physical-expr/src/planner.rs	96.05% <100.00%> (+0.74%)	⬆️
datafusion/sql/src/planner.rs	80.46% <100.00%> (-0.16%)	⬇️
datafusion/expr/src/logical_plan/plan.rs	78.39% <0.00%> (+0.16%)	⬆️
datafusion/core/src/physical_plan/metrics/value.rs	87.43% <0.00%> (+0.50%)	⬆️
...tafusion/optimizer/src/common_subexpr_eliminate.rs	94.38% <0.00%> (+1.53%)	⬆️
datafusion/expr/src/expr_rewriter.rs	86.66% <0.00%> (+2.91%)	⬆️
datafusion/expr/src/expr.rs	84.92% <0.00%> (+6.95%)	⬆️

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[alamb]

This looks great -- thank you @jonmmease

I apologize for the late review. 🙏

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 7a53872 and contender = e3f412c. e3f412c is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on test-mac-arm] test-mac-arm
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ursa-i9-9960x] ursa-i9-9960x
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-datafusion-commits is not supported on ursa-thinkcentre-m75q] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java