ARROW-10628: [Rust] flag clippy warnings as errors

[alamb]

Rationale

We do currently run clippy (aka rust linter) on all PRs. However, the way we invoke clippy means that any clippy warnings introduced in PRs do not cause a CI failure

I believe the intended behavior is that we keep the arrow project "Clippy clean"

Changes

• Upgrade the rust_lint.sh script to test all targets and treat warnings as fatal
• Updates the code so that the project passes all clippy lints 🎉

Example of this not working today

For example, this PR has clippy flag a warning and yet the test still passes (note the PR doesn't introduce the warning).

https://github.com/apache/arrow/runs/1408182529?check_suite_focus=true

    Checking arrow v3.0.0-SNAPSHOT (/Users/runner/work/arrow/arrow/rust/arrow)
warning: unneeded unit return type
   --> arrow/src/buffer.rs:694:45
    |
694 |     pub fn resize(&mut self, new_len: usize) -> () {
    |                                             ^^^^^^ help: remove the `-> ()`
    |
    = note: `#[warn(clippy::unused_unit)]` on by default
    = help: for further information visit https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#unused_unit

warning: 1 warning emitted

    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1m 11s
~/work/arrow/arrow

Testing of this PR:

• The initial commit of this PR f50ca5a only includes the updated clippy command and it fails CI (see https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/8687/checks?check_run_id=1408834360)
• When the second commit to fix the clippy warning is introduced, then CI passes: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/8687/checks?check_run_id=1409016544

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-10636

[alamb]

The -D warnings means "disallow anything that clippy would warn against" and treat them as an error

[alamb]

While clippy has some valid points with these warnings, I did not want to address them in this PR

[jorgecarleitao]

LGTM!

[jorgecarleitao]

@alamb There was no issue 10636 on Jira, so I created one, assigned it to you, and assigned this PR to it.

[alamb]

Thank you @jorgecarleitao !

[alamb]

FYI @nevi-me