FEAT: Adding getTypeInfo (#193)

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[AB#34934](https://sqlclientdrivers.visualstudio.com/c6d89619-62de-46a0-8b46-70b92a84d85e/_workitems/edit/34934)

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### Summary   
This pull request adds support for retrieving ODBC data type information
via a new `getTypeInfo` method on the `cursor` object, exposing the
underlying `SQLGetTypeInfo` API. It includes the necessary C++/Python
bindings, error handling, and comprehensive test coverage to ensure
correct behavior for different data types and usage scenarios.

### Feature: Data type information retrieval

* Added a new `getTypeInfo` method to the `cursor` class in
`mssql_python/cursor.py`, allowing users to retrieve metadata about
supported SQL data types via the ODBC `SQLGetTypeInfo` API. The method
supports querying all types or a specific type and returns results as a
list of `Row` objects with a well-defined column map.

### Bindings and driver integration

* Introduced a new function pointer type for `SQLGetTypeInfo`
(`SQLGetTypeInfoFunc`) and integrated it into the driver loading and
verification process in `mssql_python/pybind/ddbc_bindings.h` and
`mssql_python/pybind/ddbc_bindings.cpp`. This ensures the function
pointer is loaded and checked along with other ODBC APIs.
* Added a wrapper function and Python binding for `SQLGetTypeInfo`,
exposing it as `DDBCSQLGetTypeInfo` in the Python module.

### Testing

* Added a comprehensive suite of tests in `tests/test_004_cursor.py` to
validate the new `getTypeInfo` method. Tests cover retrieving all types,
specific types, result structure, numeric and datetime types, binary
types, multiple successive calls, and repeated identical queries for
consistency and efficiency.

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Co-authored-by: Jahnvi Thakkar <jathakkar@microsoft.com>

Author: jahnvi480

mssql_python/constants.py

@@ -117,6 +117,15 @@ class ConstantsDDBC(Enum):
     SQL_NULLABLE = 1
     SQL_MAX_NUMERIC_LEN = 16
     SQL_ATTR_QUERY_TIMEOUT = 0
+    SQL_SCOPE_CURROW = 0
+    SQL_BEST_ROWID = 1
+    SQL_ROWVER = 2
+    SQL_NO_NULLS = 0
+    SQL_NULLABLE_UNKNOWN = 2
+    SQL_INDEX_UNIQUE = 0
+    SQL_INDEX_ALL = 1
+    SQL_QUICK = 0
+    SQL_ENSURE = 1
 
 class AuthType(Enum):
     """Constants for authentication types"""