ARROW-12074: [C++][Compute] Add scalar arithmetic kernels for decimal

Add basic binary arithmetic (+,-,*,/) kernels for decimal types.

Closes #10364 from cyb70289/decimal-arith

Authored-by: Yibo Cai <yibo.cai@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Kietzman <bengilgit@gmail.com>

Author: cyb70289

cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernel.h

@@ -321,6 +321,9 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT OutputType {
     this->resolver_ = other.resolver_;
   }
 
+  OutputType& operator=(const OutputType&) = default;
+  OutputType& operator=(OutputType&&) = default;
+
   /// \brief Return the shape and type of the expected output value of the
   /// kernel given the value descriptors (shapes and types) of the input
   /// arguments. The resolver may make use of state information kept in the

cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/codegen_internal.h

@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ struct GetViewType<Decimal128Type> {
   static T LogicalValue(PhysicalType value) {
     return Decimal128(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(value.data()));
   }
+
+  static T LogicalValue(T value) { return value; }
 };
 
 template <>
@@ -159,6 +161,8 @@ struct GetViewType<Decimal256Type> {
   static T LogicalValue(PhysicalType value) {
     return Decimal256(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(value.data()));
   }
+
+  static T LogicalValue(T value) { return value; }
 };
 
 template <typename Type, typename Enable = void>
@@ -243,6 +247,18 @@ struct ArrayIterator<Type, enable_if_base_binary<Type>> {
   }
 };
 
+template <typename Type>
+struct ArrayIterator<Type, enable_if_decimal<Type>> {
+  using T = typename TypeTraits<Type>::ScalarType::ValueType;
+  using endian_agnostic = std::array<uint8_t, sizeof(T)>;
+  const endian_agnostic* values;
+
+  explicit ArrayIterator(const ArrayData& data)
+      : values(data.GetValues<endian_agnostic>(1)) {}
+
+  T operator()() { return T{values++->data()}; }
+};
+
 // Iterator over various output array types, taking a GetOutputType<Type>
 
 template <typename Type, typename Enable = void>
@@ -262,6 +278,20 @@ struct OutputArrayWriter<Type, enable_if_has_c_type_not_boolean<Type>> {
   void WriteNull() { *values++ = T{}; }
 };
 
+template <typename Type>
+struct OutputArrayWriter<Type, enable_if_decimal<Type>> {
+  using T = typename TypeTraits<Type>::ScalarType::ValueType;
+  using endian_agnostic = std::array<uint8_t, sizeof(T)>;
+  endian_agnostic* values;
+
+  explicit OutputArrayWriter(ArrayData* data)
+      : values(data->GetMutableValues<endian_agnostic>(1)) {}
+
+  void Write(T value) { value.ToBytes(values++->data()); }
+
+  void WriteNull() { T{}.ToBytes(values++->data()); }
+};
+
 // (Un)box Scalar to / from C++ value
 
 template <typename Type, typename Enable = void>
@@ -538,6 +568,22 @@ struct OutputAdapter<Type, enable_if_base_binary<Type>> {
   }
 };
 
+template <typename Type>
+struct OutputAdapter<Type, enable_if_decimal<Type>> {
+  using T = typename TypeTraits<Type>::ScalarType::ValueType;
+  using endian_agnostic = std::array<uint8_t, sizeof(T)>;
+
+  template <typename Generator>
+  static Status Write(KernelContext*, Datum* out, Generator&& generator) {
+    ArrayData* out_arr = out->mutable_array();
+    auto out_data = out_arr->GetMutableValues<endian_agnostic>(1);
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i < out_arr->length; ++i) {
+      generator().ToBytes(out_data++->data());
+    }
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+};
+
 // A kernel exec generator for unary functions that addresses both array and
 // scalar inputs and dispatches input iteration and output writing to other
 // templates