diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/Completable.java b/src/main/java/rx/Completable.java
index e9b78c569f..536509b39a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/Completable.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/Completable.java
@@ -2249,7 +2249,7 @@ public final <R> R to(Func1<? super Completable, R> converter) {
      * @return the new Observable created
      */
     public final <T> Observable<T> toObservable() {
-        return Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<T>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<T>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super T> s) {
                 unsafeSubscribe(s);
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/Observable.java b/src/main/java/rx/Observable.java
index 67e4d6149e..89e1aea07c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/Observable.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/Observable.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public class Observable<T> {
     /**
      * Creates an Observable with a Function to execute when it is subscribed to.
      * <p>
-     * <em>Note:</em> Use {@link #create(OnSubscribe)} to create an Observable, instead of this constructor,
+     * <em>Note:</em> Use {@link #unsafeCreate(OnSubscribe)} to create an Observable, instead of this constructor,
      * unless you specifically have a need for inheritance.
      *
      * @param f
@@ -62,10 +62,72 @@ protected Observable(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
     }
 
     /**
-     * <strong>This method requires advanced knowledge about building operators and data sources; please consider
-     * other standard methods first, such as {@link Observable#fromEmitter(Action1, Emitter.BackpressureMode)};</strong>
-     * Returns an Observable that will execute the specified function when a {@link Subscriber} subscribes to
-     * it.
+     * Constructs an Observable in an unsafe manner, that is, unsubscription and backpressure handling
+     * is the responsibility of the OnSubscribe implementation.
+     * @param <T> the value type emitted
+     * @param f the callback to execute for each individual Subscriber that subscribes to the
+     *          returned Observable
+     * @return the new Observable instance
+     * @deprecated 1.2.7 - inherently unsafe, use the other create() methods for basic cases or
+     * see {@link #unsafeCreate(OnSubscribe)} for advanced cases (such as custom operators)
+     * @see #create(SyncOnSubscribe)
+     * @see #create(AsyncOnSubscribe)
+     * @see #create(Action1, rx.Emitter.BackpressureMode)
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static <T> Observable<T> create(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
+        return new Observable<T>(RxJavaHooks.onCreate(f));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides an API (via a cold Observable) that bridges the reactive world with the callback-style,
+     * generally non-backpressured world.
+     * <p>
+     * Example:
+     * <pre><code>
+     * Observable.&lt;Event&gt;create(emitter -&gt; {
+     *     Callback listener = new Callback() {
+     *         &#64;Override
+     *         public void onEvent(Event e) {
+     *             emitter.onNext(e);
+     *             if (e.isLast()) {
+     *                 emitter.onCompleted();
+     *             }
+     *         }
+     *
+     *         &#64;Override
+     *         public void onFailure(Exception e) {
+     *             emitter.onError(e);
+     *         }
+     *     };
+     *
+     *     AutoCloseable c = api.someMethod(listener);
+     *
+     *     emitter.setCancellation(c::close);
+     *
+     * }, BackpressureMode.BUFFER);
+     * </code></pre>
+     * <p>
+     * You should call the Emitter's onNext, onError and onCompleted methods in a serialized fashion. The
+     * rest of its methods are thread-safe.
+     *
+     * @param <T> the element type
+     * @param emitter the emitter that is called when a Subscriber subscribes to the returned {@code Observable}
+     * @param backpressure the backpressure mode to apply if the downstream Subscriber doesn't request (fast) enough
+     * @return the new Observable instance
+     * @see Emitter
+     * @see Emitter.BackpressureMode
+     * @see rx.functions.Cancellable
+     * @since 1.2.7 - experimental
+     */
+    @Experimental
+    public static <T> Observable<T> create(Action1<Emitter<T>> emitter, Emitter.BackpressureMode backpressure) {
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeCreate<T>(emitter, backpressure));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an Observable that executes the given OnSubscribe action for each individual Subscriber
+     * that subscribes; <strong>unsubscription and backpressure must be implemented manually.</strong>
      * <p>
      * <img width="640" height="200" src="https://raw.github.com/wiki/ReactiveX/RxJava/images/rx-operators/create.png" alt="">
      * <p>
@@ -84,7 +146,7 @@ protected Observable(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
      *  document the fact that the consumer of the returned {@code Observable} has to apply one of
      *  the {@code onBackpressureXXX} operators.</dd>
      *  <dt><b>Scheduler:</b></dt>
-     *  <dd>{@code create} does not operate by default on a particular {@link Scheduler}.</dd>
+     *  <dd>{@code unsafeCreate} does not operate by default on a particular {@link Scheduler}.</dd>
      * </dl>
      *
      * @param <T>
@@ -95,8 +157,10 @@ protected Observable(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
      * @return an Observable that, when a {@link Subscriber} subscribes to it, will execute the specified
      *         function
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/create.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Create</a>
+     * @since 1.2.7 - experimental
      */
-    public static <T> Observable<T> create(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
+    @Experimental
+    public static <T> Observable<T> unsafeCreate(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
         return new Observable<T>(RxJavaHooks.onCreate(f));
     }
 
@@ -140,7 +204,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> create(OnSubscribe<T> f) {
      * @since 1.2
      */
     public static <S, T> Observable<T> create(SyncOnSubscribe<S, T> syncOnSubscribe) {
-        return create((OnSubscribe<T>)syncOnSubscribe);
+        return unsafeCreate(syncOnSubscribe);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -183,7 +247,7 @@ public static <S, T> Observable<T> create(SyncOnSubscribe<S, T> syncOnSubscribe)
      */
     @Experimental
     public static <S, T> Observable<T> create(AsyncOnSubscribe<S, T> asyncOnSubscribe) {
-        return create((OnSubscribe<T>)asyncOnSubscribe);
+        return unsafeCreate(asyncOnSubscribe);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -234,7 +298,7 @@ public interface Operator<R, T> extends Func1<Subscriber<? super R>, Subscriber<
      * @see <a href="https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/wiki/Implementing-Your-Own-Operators">RxJava wiki: Implementing Your Own Operators</a>
      */
     public final <R> Observable<R> lift(final Operator<? extends R, ? super T> operator) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeLift<T, R>(onSubscribe, operator));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeLift<T, R>(onSubscribe, operator));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -373,7 +437,7 @@ public Completable toCompletable() {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Iterable<? extends Observable<? extends T>> sources) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(sources));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(sources));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -399,7 +463,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Iterable<? extends Observable<? extends T>>
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -427,7 +491,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -457,7 +521,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3, Observable<? extends T> o4) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -489,7 +553,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3, Observable<? extends T> o4, Observable<? extends T> o5) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -523,7 +587,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3, Observable<? extends T> o4, Observable<? extends T> o5, Observable<? extends T> o6) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -559,7 +623,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3, Observable<? extends T> o4, Observable<? extends T> o5, Observable<? extends T> o6, Observable<? extends T> o7) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -597,7 +661,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3, Observable<? extends T> o4, Observable<? extends T> o5, Observable<? extends T> o6, Observable<? extends T> o7, Observable<? extends T> o8) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7, o8));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7, o8));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -637,7 +701,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/amb.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Amb</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> amb(Observable<? extends T> o1, Observable<? extends T> o2, Observable<? extends T> o3, Observable<? extends T> o4, Observable<? extends T> o5, Observable<? extends T> o6, Observable<? extends T> o7, Observable<? extends T> o8, Observable<? extends T> o9) {
-        return create(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7, o8, o9));
+        return unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeAmb.amb(o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7, o8, o9));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1020,7 +1084,7 @@ public static <T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, R> Observable<R> combineLates
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/combinelatest.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: CombineLatest</a>
      */
     public static <T, R> Observable<R> combineLatest(List<? extends Observable<? extends T>> sources, FuncN<? extends R> combineFunction) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeCombineLatest<T, R>(sources, combineFunction));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeCombineLatest<T, R>(sources, combineFunction));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1049,7 +1113,7 @@ public static <T, R> Observable<R> combineLatest(List<? extends Observable<? ext
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/combinelatest.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: CombineLatest</a>
      */
     public static <T, R> Observable<R> combineLatest(Iterable<? extends Observable<? extends T>> sources, FuncN<? extends R> combineFunction) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeCombineLatest<T, R>(sources, combineFunction));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeCombineLatest<T, R>(sources, combineFunction));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1080,7 +1144,7 @@ public static <T, R> Observable<R> combineLatest(Iterable<? extends Observable<?
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/combinelatest.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: CombineLatest</a>
      */
     public static <T, R> Observable<R> combineLatestDelayError(Iterable<? extends Observable<? extends T>> sources, FuncN<? extends R> combineFunction) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeCombineLatest<T, R>(null, sources, combineFunction, RxRingBuffer.SIZE, true));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeCombineLatest<T, R>(null, sources, combineFunction, RxRingBuffer.SIZE, true));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1762,7 +1826,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> concatDelayError(Observable<? extends T> t1, Obs
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/defer.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Defer</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> defer(Func0<Observable<T>> observableFactory) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDefer<T>(observableFactory));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDefer<T>(observableFactory));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1808,7 +1872,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> empty() {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/empty-never-throw.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Throw</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> error(Throwable exception) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeThrow<T>(exception));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeThrow<T>(exception));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1838,7 +1902,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> error(Throwable exception) {
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("cast")
     public static <T> Observable<T> from(Future<? extends T> future) {
-        return (Observable<T>)create(OnSubscribeToObservableFuture.toObservableFuture(future));
+        return (Observable<T>)unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeToObservableFuture.toObservableFuture(future));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1872,7 +1936,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> from(Future<? extends T> future) {
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("cast")
     public static <T> Observable<T> from(Future<? extends T> future, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
-        return (Observable<T>)create(OnSubscribeToObservableFuture.toObservableFuture(future, timeout, unit));
+        return (Observable<T>)unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeToObservableFuture.toObservableFuture(future, timeout, unit));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1904,7 +1968,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> from(Future<? extends T> future, long timeout, T
     public static <T> Observable<T> from(Future<? extends T> future, Scheduler scheduler) {
         // TODO in a future revision the Scheduler will become important because we'll start polling instead of blocking on the Future
         @SuppressWarnings("cast")
-        Observable<T> o = (Observable<T>)create(OnSubscribeToObservableFuture.toObservableFuture(future));
+        Observable<T> o = (Observable<T>)unsafeCreate(OnSubscribeToObservableFuture.toObservableFuture(future));
         return o.subscribeOn(scheduler);
     }
 
@@ -1929,7 +1993,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> from(Future<? extends T> future, Scheduler sched
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/from.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: From</a>
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> from(Iterable<? extends T> iterable) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<T>(iterable));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<T>(iterable));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1959,7 +2023,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> from(T[] array) {
         if (n == 1) {
             return just(array[0]);
         }
-        return create(new OnSubscribeFromArray<T>(array));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromArray<T>(array));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2002,10 +2066,12 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> from(T[] array) {
      * @see Emitter.BackpressureMode
      * @see rx.functions.Cancellable
      * @since (if this graduates from Experimental/Beta to supported, replace this parenthetical with the release number)
+     * @deprecated 1.2.7 - aliased to {@link #create(Action1, rx.Emitter.BackpressureMode)}, will be removed in 1.3.0
      */
     @Experimental
+    @Deprecated
     public static <T> Observable<T> fromEmitter(Action1<Emitter<T>> emitter, Emitter.BackpressureMode backpressure) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeFromEmitter<T>(emitter, backpressure));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeCreate<T>(emitter, backpressure));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2033,7 +2099,7 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> fromEmitter(Action1<Emitter<T>> emitter, Emitter
      * @since 1.2
      */
     public static <T> Observable<T> fromCallable(Callable<? extends T> func) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeFromCallable<T>(func));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromCallable<T>(func));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2140,7 +2206,7 @@ public static Observable<Long> interval(long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit
      * @since 1.0.12
      */
     public static Observable<Long> interval(long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeTimerPeriodically(initialDelay, period, unit, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeTimerPeriodically(initialDelay, period, unit, scheduler));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3473,7 +3539,7 @@ public static Observable<Integer> range(int start, int count) {
         if (count == 1) {
             return Observable.just(start);
         }
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribeRange(start, start + (count - 1)));
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRange(start, start + (count - 1)));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3733,7 +3799,7 @@ public static Observable<Long> timer(long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/timer.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Timer</a>
      */
     public static Observable<Long> timer(long delay, TimeUnit unit, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeTimerOnce(delay, unit, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeTimerOnce(delay, unit, scheduler));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -3803,7 +3869,7 @@ public static <T, Resource> Observable<T> using(
             final Func0<Resource> resourceFactory,
             final Func1<? super Resource, ? extends Observable<? extends T>> observableFactory,
             final Action1<? super Resource> disposeAction, boolean disposeEagerly) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeUsing<T, Resource>(resourceFactory, observableFactory, disposeAction, disposeEagerly));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeUsing<T, Resource>(resourceFactory, observableFactory, disposeAction, disposeEagerly));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5070,7 +5136,7 @@ public final <R> Observable<R> collect(Func0<R> stateFactory, final Action2<R, ?
          *
          * It should use last() not takeLast(1) since it needs to emit an error if the sequence is empty.
          */
-        return create(new OnSubscribeCollect<T, R>(this, stateFactory, collector));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeCollect<T, R>(this, stateFactory, collector));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5103,7 +5169,7 @@ public final <R> Observable<R> concatMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends Observable<?
             ScalarSynchronousObservable<T> scalar = (ScalarSynchronousObservable<T>) this;
             return scalar.scalarFlatMap(func);
         }
-        return create(new OnSubscribeConcatMap<T, R>(this, func, 2, OnSubscribeConcatMap.IMMEDIATE));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeConcatMap<T, R>(this, func, 2, OnSubscribeConcatMap.IMMEDIATE));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5134,7 +5200,7 @@ public final <R> Observable<R> concatMapDelayError(Func1<? super T, ? extends Ob
             ScalarSynchronousObservable<T> scalar = (ScalarSynchronousObservable<T>) this;
             return scalar.scalarFlatMap(func);
         }
-        return create(new OnSubscribeConcatMap<T, R>(this, func, 2, OnSubscribeConcatMap.END));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeConcatMap<T, R>(this, func, 2, OnSubscribeConcatMap.END));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5580,7 +5646,7 @@ public final Observable<T> delaySubscription(long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/delay.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Delay</a>
      */
     public final Observable<T> delaySubscription(long delay, TimeUnit unit, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDelaySubscription<T>(this, delay, unit, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDelaySubscription<T>(this, delay, unit, scheduler));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5606,7 +5672,7 @@ public final Observable<T> delaySubscription(long delay, TimeUnit unit, Schedule
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/delay.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Delay</a>
      */
     public final <U> Observable<T> delaySubscription(Func0<? extends Observable<U>> subscriptionDelay) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDelaySubscriptionWithSelector<T, U>(this, subscriptionDelay));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDelaySubscriptionWithSelector<T, U>(this, subscriptionDelay));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5633,7 +5699,7 @@ public final <U> Observable<T> delaySubscription(Observable<U> other) {
         if (other == null) {
             throw new NullPointerException();
         }
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDelaySubscriptionOther<T, U>(this, other));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDelaySubscriptionOther<T, U>(this, other));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5800,7 +5866,7 @@ public final Observable<T> doOnCompleted(final Action0 onCompleted) {
         Action1<Throwable> onError = Actions.empty();
         Observer<T> observer = new ActionObserver<T>(onNext, onError, onCompleted);
 
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5822,7 +5888,7 @@ public final Observable<T> doOnCompleted(final Action0 onCompleted) {
      */
     public final Observable<T> doOnEach(final Action1<Notification<? super T>> onNotification) {
         Observer<T> observer = new ActionNotificationObserver<T>(onNotification);
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5849,7 +5915,7 @@ public final Observable<T> doOnEach(final Action1<Notification<? super T>> onNot
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/do.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Do</a>
      */
     public final Observable<T> doOnEach(Observer<? super T> observer) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5877,7 +5943,7 @@ public final Observable<T> doOnError(final Action1<? super Throwable> onError) {
         Action0 onCompleted = Actions.empty();
         Observer<T> observer = new ActionObserver<T>(onNext, onError, onCompleted);
 
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5902,7 +5968,7 @@ public final Observable<T> doOnNext(final Action1<? super T> onNext) {
         Action0 onCompleted = Actions.empty();
         Observer<T> observer = new ActionObserver<T>(onNext, onError, onCompleted);
 
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5983,7 +6049,7 @@ public final Observable<T> doOnTerminate(final Action0 onTerminate) {
 
         Observer<T> observer = new ActionObserver<T>(onNext, onError, onTerminate);
 
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDoOnEach<T>(this, observer));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -6559,7 +6625,7 @@ public final Observable<Boolean> exists(Func1<? super T, Boolean> predicate) {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/filter.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Filter</a>
      */
     public final Observable<T> filter(Func1<? super T, Boolean> predicate) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeFilter<T>(this, predicate));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFilter<T>(this, predicate));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -7301,7 +7367,7 @@ public final <K> Observable<GroupedObservable<K, T>> groupBy(final Func1<? super
     public final <T2, D1, D2, R> Observable<R> groupJoin(Observable<T2> right, Func1<? super T, ? extends Observable<D1>> leftDuration,
             Func1<? super T2, ? extends Observable<D2>> rightDuration,
             Func2<? super T, ? super Observable<T2>, ? extends R> resultSelector) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeGroupJoin<T, T2, D1, D2, R>(this, right, leftDuration, rightDuration, resultSelector));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeGroupJoin<T, T2, D1, D2, R>(this, right, leftDuration, rightDuration, resultSelector));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -7383,7 +7449,7 @@ public final Observable<Boolean> isEmpty() {
     public final <TRight, TLeftDuration, TRightDuration, R> Observable<R> join(Observable<TRight> right, Func1<T, Observable<TLeftDuration>> leftDurationSelector,
             Func1<TRight, Observable<TRightDuration>> rightDurationSelector,
             Func2<T, TRight, R> resultSelector) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeJoin<T, TRight, TLeftDuration, TRightDuration, R>(this, right, leftDurationSelector, rightDurationSelector, resultSelector));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeJoin<T, TRight, TLeftDuration, TRightDuration, R>(this, right, leftDurationSelector, rightDurationSelector, resultSelector));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -7531,7 +7597,7 @@ public final Observable<T> limit(int count) {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/map.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Map</a>
      */
     public final <R> Observable<R> map(Func1<? super T, ? extends R> func) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeMap<T, R>(this, func));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeMap<T, R>(this, func));
     }
 
     private <R> Observable<R> mapNotification(Func1<? super T, ? extends R> onNext, Func1<? super Throwable, ? extends R> onError, Func0<? extends R> onCompleted) {
@@ -8108,7 +8174,7 @@ public final Observable<T> onExceptionResumeNext(final Observable<? extends T> r
      */
     @Experimental
     public final Observable<T> onTerminateDetach() {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeDetach<T>(this));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeDetach<T>(this));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -8225,7 +8291,7 @@ public final Observable<T> reduce(Func2<T, T, T> accumulator) {
          *
          * It should use last() not takeLast(1) since it needs to emit an error if the sequence is empty.
          */
-        return create(new OnSubscribeReduce<T>(this, accumulator));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeReduce<T>(this, accumulator));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -8273,7 +8339,7 @@ public final Observable<T> reduce(Func2<T, T, T> accumulator) {
      * @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function)">Wikipedia: Fold (higher-order function)</a>
      */
     public final <R> Observable<R> reduce(R initialValue, Func2<R, ? super T, R> accumulator) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeReduceSeed<T, R>(this, initialValue, accumulator));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeReduceSeed<T, R>(this, initialValue, accumulator));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -9486,7 +9552,7 @@ public final Observable<T> skip(long time, TimeUnit unit) {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/skip.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: Skip</a>
      */
     public final Observable<T> skip(long time, TimeUnit unit, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeSkipTimed<T>(this, time, unit, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeSkipTimed<T>(this, time, unit, scheduler));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -10288,7 +10354,7 @@ public final Observable<T> subscribeOn(Scheduler scheduler) {
         if (this instanceof ScalarSynchronousObservable) {
             return ((ScalarSynchronousObservable<T>)this).scalarScheduleOn(scheduler);
         }
-        return create(new OperatorSubscribeOn<T>(this, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorSubscribeOn<T>(this, scheduler));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -10483,7 +10549,7 @@ public final Observable<T> takeLast(final int count) {
         if (count == 0) {
             return ignoreElements();
         } else if (count == 1) {
-            return create(new OnSubscribeTakeLastOne<T>(this));
+            return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeTakeLastOne<T>(this));
         } else {
             return lift(new OperatorTakeLast<T>(count));
         }
@@ -11441,7 +11507,7 @@ public final Observable<List<T>> toList() {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K> Observable<Map<K, T>> toMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMap<T, K, T>(this, keySelector, UtilityFunctions.<T>identity()));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMap<T, K, T>(this, keySelector, UtilityFunctions.<T>identity()));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11471,7 +11537,7 @@ public final <K> Observable<Map<K, T>> toMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySe
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, V>> toMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector, Func1<? super T, ? extends V> valueSelector) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11500,7 +11566,7 @@ public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, V>> toMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> ke
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, V>> toMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector, Func1<? super T, ? extends V> valueSelector, Func0<? extends Map<K, V>> mapFactory) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector, mapFactory));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector, mapFactory));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11523,7 +11589,7 @@ public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, V>> toMap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> ke
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K> Observable<Map<K, Collection<T>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, T>(this, keySelector, UtilityFunctions.<T>identity()));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, T>(this, keySelector, UtilityFunctions.<T>identity()));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11551,7 +11617,7 @@ public final <K> Observable<Map<K, Collection<T>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T, ?
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, Collection<V>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector, Func1<? super T, ? extends V> valueSelector) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11581,7 +11647,7 @@ public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, Collection<V>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, Collection<V>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector, Func1<? super T, ? extends V> valueSelector, Func0<? extends Map<K, Collection<V>>> mapFactory) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector, mapFactory));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector, mapFactory));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11613,7 +11679,7 @@ public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, Collection<V>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/to.html">ReactiveX operators documentation: To</a>
      */
     public final <K, V> Observable<Map<K, Collection<V>>> toMultimap(Func1<? super T, ? extends K> keySelector, Func1<? super T, ? extends V> valueSelector, Func0<? extends Map<K, Collection<V>>> mapFactory, Func1<? super K, ? extends Collection<V>> collectionFactory) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector, mapFactory, collectionFactory));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeToMultimap<T, K, V>(this, keySelector, valueSelector, mapFactory, collectionFactory));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11857,7 +11923,7 @@ public final <U, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(Observable<? extends U> other,
      */
     @Experimental
     public final <T1, T2, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(Observable<T1> o1, Observable<T2> o2, Func3<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this, new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this, new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -11894,7 +11960,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
             Observable<T1> o1, Observable<T2> o2,
             Observable<T3> o3,
             Func4<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, ? super T3, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
                 new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2, o3 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
 
@@ -11934,7 +12000,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, T4, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
             Observable<T1> o1, Observable<T2> o2,
             Observable<T3> o3, Observable<T4> o4,
             Func5<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, ? super T3, ? super T4, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
                 new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2, o3, o4 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
     /**
@@ -11976,7 +12042,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
             Observable<T3> o3, Observable<T4> o4,
             Observable<T5> o5,
             Func6<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, ? super T3, ? super T4, ? super T5, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
                 new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2, o3, o4, o5 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
 
@@ -12021,7 +12087,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
             Observable<T3> o3, Observable<T4> o4,
             Observable<T5> o5, Observable<T6> o6,
             Func7<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, ? super T3, ? super T4, ? super T5, ? super T6, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
                 new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
 
@@ -12069,7 +12135,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
             Observable<T5> o5, Observable<T6> o6,
             Observable<T7> o7,
             Func8<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, ? super T3, ? super T4, ? super T5, ? super T6, ? super T7, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
                 new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
 
@@ -12119,7 +12185,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
             Observable<T5> o5, Observable<T6> o6,
             Observable<T7> o7, Observable<T8> o8,
             Func9<? super T, ? super T1, ? super T2, ? super T3, ? super T4, ? super T5, ? super T6, ? super T7, ? super T8, R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this,
                 new Observable<?>[] { o1, o2, o3, o4, o5, o6, o7, o8 }, null, Functions.fromFunc(combiner)));
     }
 
@@ -12149,7 +12215,7 @@ public final <T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(
      */
     @Experimental
     public final <R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(Observable<?>[] others, FuncN<R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this, others, null, combiner));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this, others, null, combiner));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -12178,7 +12244,7 @@ public final <R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(Observable<?>[] others, FuncN<R> c
      */
     @Experimental
     public final <R> Observable<R> withLatestFrom(Iterable<Observable<?>> others, FuncN<R> combiner) {
-        return create(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this, null, others, combiner));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OperatorWithLatestFromMany<T, R>(this, null, others, combiner));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/Single.java b/src/main/java/rx/Single.java
index 782d5c833f..709b709f41 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/Single.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/Single.java
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ public interface Transformer<T, R> extends Func1<Single<T>, Single<R>> {
      */
     private static <T> Observable<T> asObservable(Single<T> t) {
         // is this sufficient, or do I need to keep the outer Single and subscribe to it?
-        return Observable.create(new SingleToObservable<T>(t.onSubscribe));
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new SingleToObservable<T>(t.onSubscribe));
     }
 
     /* *********************************************************************************************************
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/EmptyObservableHolder.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/EmptyObservableHolder.java
index e582407bee..e386539c66 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/EmptyObservableHolder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/EmptyObservableHolder.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public enum EmptyObservableHolder implements OnSubscribe<Object> {
     ;
 
     /** The singleton instance. */
-    static final Observable<Object> EMPTY = Observable.create(INSTANCE);
+    static final Observable<Object> EMPTY = Observable.unsafeCreate(INSTANCE);
 
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/NeverObservableHolder.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/NeverObservableHolder.java
index 6a80d22e8b..056c08b034 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/NeverObservableHolder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/NeverObservableHolder.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public enum NeverObservableHolder implements OnSubscribe<Object> {
     ;
 
     /** The singleton instance. */
-    static final Observable<Object> NEVER = Observable.create(INSTANCE);
+    static final Observable<Object> NEVER = Observable.unsafeCreate(INSTANCE);
 
     /**
      * Returns a type-corrected singleton instance of the never Observable.
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromEmitter.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCreate.java
similarity index 97%
rename from src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromEmitter.java
rename to src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCreate.java
index 355ae99c1d..497b240ec0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromEmitter.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCreate.java
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@
 import rx.plugins.RxJavaHooks;
 import rx.subscriptions.SerialSubscription;
 
-public final class OnSubscribeFromEmitter<T> implements OnSubscribe<T> {
+public final class OnSubscribeCreate<T> implements OnSubscribe<T> {
 
     final Action1<Emitter<T>> Emitter;
 
     final Emitter.BackpressureMode backpressure;
 
-    public OnSubscribeFromEmitter(Action1<Emitter<T>> Emitter, Emitter.BackpressureMode backpressure) {
+    public OnSubscribeCreate(Action1<Emitter<T>> Emitter, Emitter.BackpressureMode backpressure) {
         this.Emitter = Emitter;
         this.backpressure = backpressure;
     }
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public void onError(Throwable e) {
 
         @Override
         void onOverflow() {
-            onError(new MissingBackpressureException("fromEmitter: could not emit value due to lack of requests"));
+            onError(new MissingBackpressureException("create: could not emit value due to lack of requests"));
         }
 
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFlattenIterable.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFlattenIterable.java
index 608e6808b7..fe85e55369 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFlattenIterable.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFlattenIterable.java
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ public static <T, R> Observable<R> createFrom(Observable<? extends T> source,
             Func1<? super T, ? extends Iterable<? extends R>> mapper, int prefetch) {
         if (source instanceof ScalarSynchronousObservable) {
             T scalar = ((ScalarSynchronousObservable<? extends T>) source).get();
-            return Observable.create(new OnSubscribeScalarFlattenIterable<T, R>(scalar, mapper));
+            return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeScalarFlattenIterable<T, R>(scalar, mapper));
         }
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFlattenIterable<T, R>(source, mapper, prefetch));
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFlattenIterable<T, R>(source, mapper, prefetch));
     }
 
     static final class FlattenIterableSubscriber<T, R> extends Subscriber<T> {
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeGroupJoin.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeGroupJoin.java
index 4666751842..3c99b68262 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeGroupJoin.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeGroupJoin.java
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ public void onNext(T1 args) {
                         leftMap().put(id, subjSerial);
                     }
 
-                    Observable<T2> window = Observable.create(new WindowObservableFunc<T2>(subj, cancel));
+                    Observable<T2> window = Observable.unsafeCreate(new WindowObservableFunc<T2>(subj, cancel));
 
                     Observable<D1> duration = leftDuration.call(args);
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRedo.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRedo.java
index fc9fe9e4d2..de4f5e4d15 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRedo.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRedo.java
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import static rx.Observable.create; // NOPMD
+import static rx.Observable.unsafeCreate; // NOPMD
 
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
 
@@ -133,11 +133,11 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> retry(Observable<T> source, final long count) {
     }
 
     public static <T> Observable<T> retry(Observable<T> source, Func1<? super Observable<? extends Notification<?>>, ? extends Observable<?>> notificationHandler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, true, false, Schedulers.trampoline()));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, true, false, Schedulers.trampoline()));
     }
 
     public static <T> Observable<T> retry(Observable<T> source, Func1<? super Observable<? extends Notification<?>>, ? extends Observable<?>> notificationHandler, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, true, false, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, true, false, scheduler));
     }
 
     public static <T> Observable<T> repeat(Observable<T> source) {
@@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ public static <T> Observable<T> repeat(Observable<T> source, final long count, S
     }
 
     public static <T> Observable<T> repeat(Observable<T> source, Func1<? super Observable<? extends Notification<?>>, ? extends Observable<?>> notificationHandler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, false, true, Schedulers.trampoline()));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, false, true, Schedulers.trampoline()));
     }
 
     public static <T> Observable<T> repeat(Observable<T> source, Func1<? super Observable<? extends Notification<?>>, ? extends Observable<?>> notificationHandler, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, false, true, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, false, true, scheduler));
     }
 
     public static <T> Observable<T> redo(Observable<T> source, Func1<? super Observable<? extends Notification<?>>, ? extends Observable<?>> notificationHandler, Scheduler scheduler) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, false, false, scheduler));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRedo<T>(source, notificationHandler, false, false, scheduler));
     }
 
     private OnSubscribeRedo(Observable<T> source, Func1<? super Observable<? extends Notification<?>>, ? extends Observable<?>> f, boolean stopOnComplete, boolean stopOnError,
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublish.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublish.java
index 7d087efcb4..c07d084abe 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublish.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublish.java
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public static <T, R> Observable<R> create(final Observable<? extends T> source,
 
     public static <T, R> Observable<R> create(final Observable<? extends T> source,
             final Func1<? super Observable<T>, ? extends Observable<R>> selector, final boolean delayError) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super R> child) {
                 final OnSubscribePublishMulticast<T> op = new OnSubscribePublishMulticast<T>(RxRingBuffer.SIZE, delayError);
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ public void setProducer(Producer p) {
                 child.add(op);
                 child.add(subscriber);
 
-                selector.call(Observable.create(op)).unsafeSubscribe(subscriber);
+                selector.call(Observable.unsafeCreate(op)).unsafeSubscribe(subscriber);
 
                 source.unsafeSubscribe(op.subscriber());
             }
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplay.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplay.java
index 53511f9c80..045eae96af 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplay.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplay.java
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public Object call() {
     public static <T, U, R> Observable<R> multicastSelector(
             final Func0<? extends ConnectableObservable<U>> connectableFactory,
             final Func1<? super Observable<U>, ? extends Observable<R>> selector) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super R> child) {
                 ConnectableObservable<U> co;
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/internal/util/ScalarSynchronousObservable.java b/src/main/java/rx/internal/util/ScalarSynchronousObservable.java
index d14269953c..141030266e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/internal/util/ScalarSynchronousObservable.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/internal/util/ScalarSynchronousObservable.java
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public void call() {
             };
         }
 
-        return create(new ScalarAsyncOnSubscribe<T>(t, onSchedule));
+        return unsafeCreate(new ScalarAsyncOnSubscribe<T>(t, onSchedule));
     }
 
     /** The OnSubscribe callback for the Observable constructor. */
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ public String toString() {
      * @return the new observable
      */
     public <R> Observable<R> scalarFlatMap(final Func1<? super T, ? extends Observable<? extends R>> func) {
-        return create(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super R> child) {
                 Observable<? extends R> o = func.call(t);
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribe.java b/src/main/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribe.java
index 35eb618736..e3acb1627e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribe.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribe.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 /**
  * A utility class to create {@code OnSubscribe<T>} functions that respond correctly to back
  * pressure requests from subscribers. This is an improvement over
- * {@link rx.Observable#create(OnSubscribe) Observable.create(OnSubscribe)} which does not provide
+ * {@link rx.Observable#unsafeCreate(OnSubscribe) Observable.create(OnSubscribe)} which does not provide
  * any means of managing back pressure requests out-of-the-box. This variant of an OnSubscribe
  * function allows for the asynchronous processing of requests.
  *
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/observables/ConnectableObservable.java b/src/main/java/rx/observables/ConnectableObservable.java
index 09ac04257d..f1fffceb5f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/observables/ConnectableObservable.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/observables/ConnectableObservable.java
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public void call(Subscription t1) {
      * @see <a href="http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/refcount.html">ReactiveX documentation: RefCount</a>
      */
     public Observable<T> refCount() {
-        return create(new OnSubscribeRefCount<T>(this));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRefCount<T>(this));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -125,6 +125,6 @@ public Observable<T> autoConnect(int numberOfSubscribers, Action1<? super Subscr
             this.connect(connection);
             return this;
         }
-        return create(new OnSubscribeAutoConnect<T>(this, numberOfSubscribers, connection));
+        return unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeAutoConnect<T>(this, numberOfSubscribers, connection));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribe.java b/src/main/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribe.java
index dc9e2a7a3c..cf848e7bc4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribe.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribe.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 /**
  * A utility class to create {@code OnSubscribe<T>} functions that responds correctly to back
  * pressure requests from subscribers. This is an improvement over
- * {@link rx.Observable#create(OnSubscribe) Observable.create(OnSubscribe)} which does not provide
+ * {@link rx.Observable#unsafeCreate(OnSubscribe) Observable.create(OnSubscribe)} which does not provide
  * any means of managing back pressure requests out-of-the-box.
  *
  * @param <S>
diff --git a/src/main/java/rx/plugins/RxJavaObservableExecutionHook.java b/src/main/java/rx/plugins/RxJavaObservableExecutionHook.java
index f1b897fa21..47ab6e4095 100644
--- a/src/main/java/rx/plugins/RxJavaObservableExecutionHook.java
+++ b/src/main/java/rx/plugins/RxJavaObservableExecutionHook.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
  */
 public abstract class RxJavaObservableExecutionHook { // NOPMD
     /**
-     * Invoked during the construction by {@link Observable#create(OnSubscribe)}
+     * Invoked during the construction by {@link Observable#unsafeCreate(OnSubscribe)}
      * <p>
      * This can be used to decorate or replace the <code>onSubscribe</code> function or just perform extra
      * logging, metrics and other such things and pass through the function.
diff --git a/src/perf/java/rx/OneItemPerf.java b/src/perf/java/rx/OneItemPerf.java
index 43c6539992..7927268c69 100644
--- a/src/perf/java/rx/OneItemPerf.java
+++ b/src/perf/java/rx/OneItemPerf.java
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public void call(SingleSubscriber<? super T> t) {
     @Setup
     public void setup() {
         scalar = Observable.just(1);
-        one = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        one = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 t.setProducer(new SingleProducer<Integer>(t, 1));
diff --git a/src/perf/java/rx/jmh/InputWithIncrementingInteger.java b/src/perf/java/rx/jmh/InputWithIncrementingInteger.java
index 9700db74c1..24468bb97b 100644
--- a/src/perf/java/rx/jmh/InputWithIncrementingInteger.java
+++ b/src/perf/java/rx/jmh/InputWithIncrementingInteger.java
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public void setup(final Blackhole bh) {
         final int size = getSize();
         observable = Observable.range(0, size);
 
-        firehose = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        firehose = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/FromComparison.java b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/FromComparison.java
index 3ba2d3c751..763a938cae 100644
--- a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/FromComparison.java
+++ b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/FromComparison.java
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ public void setup() {
 
         Arrays.fill(array, 1);
 
-        iterableSource = Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<Integer>(Arrays.asList(array)));
-        arraySource = Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFromArray<Integer>(array));
+        iterableSource = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<Integer>(Arrays.asList(array)));
+        arraySource = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromArray<Integer>(array));
     }
 
     @Benchmark
diff --git a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorRangePerf.java b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorRangePerf.java
index 53e06a0c94..78711e3d58 100644
--- a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorRangePerf.java
+++ b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorRangePerf.java
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public static class InputUsingRequest {
 
         @Setup
         public void setup(final Blackhole bh) {
-            observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribeRange(0, size));
+            observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRange(0, size));
             this.bh = bh;
         }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public static class InputWithoutRequest {
 
         @Setup
         public void setup(final Blackhole bh) {
-            observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribeRange(0, size));
+            observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeRange(0, size));
             this.bh = bh;
 
         }
diff --git a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorSerializePerf.java b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorSerializePerf.java
index cae310b72c..70b61421ec 100644
--- a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorSerializePerf.java
+++ b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorSerializePerf.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public void serializedSingleStream(Input input) throws InterruptedException {
     @Benchmark
     public void serializedTwoStreamsHighlyContended(final Input input) throws InterruptedException {
         LatchedObserver<Integer> o = input.newLatchedObserver();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ public Integer call(Long t1) {
     @Benchmark
     public void serializedTwoStreamsSlightlyContended(final InputWithInterval input) throws InterruptedException {
         LatchedObserver<Integer> o = input.newLatchedObserver();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
     @Benchmark
     public void serializedTwoStreamsOneFastOneSlow(final InputWithInterval input) throws InterruptedException {
         LatchedObserver<Integer> o = input.newLatchedObserver();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorTakeLastOnePerf.java b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorTakeLastOnePerf.java
index 3b54689c53..c96f9a2c66 100644
--- a/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorTakeLastOnePerf.java
+++ b/src/perf/java/rx/operators/OperatorTakeLastOnePerf.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public void takeLastOneUsingTakeLast(Input input) {
 
     @Benchmark
     public void takeLastOneUsingTakeLastOne(Input input) {
-       Observable.create(new OnSubscribeTakeLastOne<Integer>(input.observable)).subscribe(input.observer);
+       Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeTakeLastOne<Integer>(input.observable)).subscribe(input.observer);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/BackpressureTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/BackpressureTests.java
index f9931f8754..16a1565b0a 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/BackpressureTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/BackpressureTests.java
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ private static Observable<Integer> incrementingIntegers(final AtomicInteger coun
     }
 
     private static Observable<Integer> incrementingIntegers(final AtomicInteger counter, final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Thread> threadsSeen) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
 
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
      * @return
      */
     private static Observable<Integer> firehose(final AtomicInteger counter) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             int i;
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/CompletableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/CompletableTest.java
index 97a40439c8..23418b60e6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/CompletableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/CompletableTest.java
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ public void call(CompletableSubscriber cs) {
                     cs.onError(e);
                 }
             })
-            .andThen(Observable.<String>create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+            .andThen(Observable.<String>unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                 @Override
                 public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
                     hasRun.set(true);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/ConcatTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/ConcatTests.java
index 558f8af1dd..d00d812c52 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/ConcatTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/ConcatTests.java
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ public void testConcatCovariance4() {
         Media media = new Media();
         HorrorMovie horrorMovie2 = new HorrorMovie();
 
-        Observable<Movie> o1 = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Movie>() {
+        Observable<Movie> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Movie>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Movie> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/EventStream.java b/src/test/java/rx/EventStream.java
index 632e649601..91a6482a5c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/EventStream.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/EventStream.java
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ private EventStream() {
         throw new IllegalStateException("No instances!");
     }
     public static Observable<Event> getEventStream(final String type, final int numInstances) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Event>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Event>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Event> subscriber) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/MergeTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/MergeTests.java
index 07bba783ea..c42579cc37 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/MergeTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/MergeTests.java
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public void testMergeCovariance3() {
     @Test
     public void testMergeCovariance4() {
 
-        Observable<Movie> o1 = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Movie>() {
+        Observable<Movie> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Movie>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Movie> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/ObservableTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/ObservableTests.java
index bed04b4cdc..1ad7daaa72 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/ObservableTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/ObservableTests.java
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void fromArityArgs1() {
     @Test
     public void testCreate() {
 
-        Observable<String> observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> Observer) {
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ public void testCountZeroItems() {
 
     @Test
     public void testCountError() {
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> obsv) {
                 obsv.onError(new RuntimeException());
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ public void testOnSubscribeFails() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
         final RuntimeException re = new RuntimeException("bad impl");
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> t1) {
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ public void testCustomObservableWithErrorInObserverAsynchronous() throws Interru
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ public void onNext(String v) {
     public void testCustomObservableWithErrorInObserverSynchronous() {
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ public void onNext(String v) {
     public void testCustomObservableWithErrorInObservableSynchronous() {
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ public void onNext(String v) {
     @Test
     public void testPublishLast() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
-        ConnectableObservable<String> connectable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        ConnectableObservable<String> connectable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 count.incrementAndGet();
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ public void call(String value) {
     @Test
     public void testReplay() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        ConnectableObservable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        ConnectableObservable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ public void call(String v) {
     @Test
     public void testCache() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ public void call(String v) {
     @Test
     public void testCacheWithCapacity() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ public void call(Object t1) {
     public void testErrorThrownWithoutErrorHandlerAsynchronous() throws InterruptedException {
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> exception = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@ public void testForEachWithNull() {
 
     @Test
     public void nullOnSubscribe() {
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create((OnSubscribe<Integer>)null);
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate((OnSubscribe<Integer>)null);
 
         try {
             source.subscribe();
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ public void nullSubscriber() {
     @Test
     public void testCacheHint() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/SubscriberTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/SubscriberTest.java
index 5180966a1a..a57f2b0229 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/SubscriberTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/SubscriberTest.java
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public void testRequestToObservable() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         ts.request(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ public void testRequestThroughMap() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         ts.request(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ public void testRequestThroughTakeThatReducesRequest() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         ts.request(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ public void testRequestThroughTakeWhereRequestIsSmallerThanTake() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         ts.request(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/exceptions/ExceptionsTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/exceptions/ExceptionsTest.java
index 5fe0f18d69..07bcb644a8 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/exceptions/ExceptionsTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/exceptions/ExceptionsTest.java
@@ -254,10 +254,10 @@ public void onNext(Integer integer) {
 
     @Test(expected = OnErrorFailedException.class)
     public void testOnErrorExceptionIsThrownFromSubscribe() {
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                               @Override
                               public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s1) {
-                                  Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+                                  Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                                       @Override
                                       public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s2) {
                                           throw new IllegalArgumentException("original exception");
@@ -270,10 +270,10 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s2) {
 
     @Test(expected = OnErrorFailedException.class)
     public void testOnErrorExceptionIsThrownFromUnsafeSubscribe() {
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                               @Override
                               public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s1) {
-                                  Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+                                  Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                                       @Override
                                       public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s2) {
                                           throw new IllegalArgumentException("original exception");
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorNextTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorNextTest.java
index 45a109e885..4cff913cea 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorNextTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorNextTest.java
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ public void testNoBufferingOrBlockingOfSequence() throws Throwable {
         final CountDownLatch timeHasPassed = new CountDownLatch(COUNT);
         final AtomicBoolean running = new AtomicBoolean(true);
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
-        final Observable<Integer> obs = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        final Observable<Integer> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToFutureTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToFutureTest.java
index 97d8cdb250..81f54dcdca 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToFutureTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToFutureTest.java
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ public void testExceptionWithMoreThanOneElement() throws Throwable {
 
     @Test
     public void testToFutureWithException() {
-        Observable<String> obs = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test(expected = CancellationException.class)
     public void testGetAfterCancel() throws Exception {
-        Observable<String> obs = Observable.create(new OperationNeverComplete<String>());
+        Observable<String> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OperationNeverComplete<String>());
         Future<String> f = toFuture(obs);
         boolean cancelled = f.cancel(true);
         assertTrue(cancelled);  // because OperationNeverComplete never does
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void testGetAfterCancel() throws Exception {
 
     @Test(expected = CancellationException.class)
     public void testGetWithTimeoutAfterCancel() throws Exception {
-        Observable<String> obs = Observable.create(new OperationNeverComplete<String>());
+        Observable<String> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OperationNeverComplete<String>());
         Future<String> f = toFuture(obs);
         boolean cancelled = f.cancel(true);
         assertTrue(cancelled);  // because OperationNeverComplete never does
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToIteratorTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToIteratorTest.java
index e641227f01..91902b2c77 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToIteratorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/BlockingOperatorToIteratorTest.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public void testToIterator() {
 
     @Test(expected = TestException.class)
     public void testToIteratorWithException() {
-        Observable<String> obs = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test(expected = TestException.class)
     public void testExceptionThrownFromOnSubscribe() {
-        Iterable<String> strings = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Iterable<String> strings = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) {
                 throw new TestException("intentional");
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/CachedObservableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/CachedObservableTest.java
index a642d80b03..40fe2e56de 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/CachedObservableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/CachedObservableTest.java
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public void testColdReplayBackpressure() {
     @Test
     public void testCache() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ public void testAsyncComeAndGo() {
     @Test
     public void testNoMissingBackpressureException() {
         final int m = 4 * 1000 * 1000;
-        Observable<Integer> firehose = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> firehose = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeAmbTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeAmbTest.java
index c3e7480fa7..7f9bf0ff49 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeAmbTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeAmbTest.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public void setUp() {
 
     private Observable<String> createObservable(final String[] values,
             final long interval, final Throwable e) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public void testAmb() {
         Observable<String> observable3 = createObservable(new String[] {
                 "3", "33", "333", "3333" }, 3000, null);
 
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(amb(observable1,
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(amb(observable1,
                 observable2, observable3));
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public void testAmb2() {
         Observable<String> observable3 = createObservable(new String[] {},
                 3000, new IOException("fake exception"));
 
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(amb(observable1,
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(amb(observable1,
                 observable2, observable3));
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public void testAmb3() {
         Observable<String> observable3 = createObservable(new String[] {
                 "3" }, 3000, null);
 
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(amb(observable1,
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(amb(observable1,
                 observable2, observable3));
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestThroughAmb() {
         ts.requestMore(3);
         final AtomicLong requested1 = new AtomicLong();
         final AtomicLong requested2 = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable<Integer> o1 = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
             }
 
         });
-        Observable<Integer> o2 = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCollectTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCollectTest.java
index 859ecd63c9..75d6b51954 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCollectTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCollectTest.java
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final RuntimeException e2 = new RuntimeException();
             TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ public void call(List<Integer> t1, Integer t2) {
     public void testCollectorFailureDoesNotResultInErrorAndCompletedEmissions() {
         final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public void testCollectorFailureDoesNotResultInErrorAndOnNextEmissions() {
         final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
         final AtomicBoolean added = new AtomicBoolean();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromEmitterTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCreateTest.java
similarity index 80%
rename from src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromEmitterTest.java
rename to src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCreateTest.java
index 8298625a9b..2d8e5f843c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromEmitterTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeCreateTest.java
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 import rx.plugins.RxJavaHooks;
 import rx.subjects.PublishSubject;
 
-public class OnSubscribeFromEmitterTest {
+public class OnSubscribeCreateTest {
 
     PublishEmitter source;
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void normalBuffered() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public void normalBuffered() {
 
     @Test
     public void normalDrop() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.DROP).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.DROP).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public void normalDrop() {
 
     @Test
     public void normalLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public void normalLatest() {
 
     @Test
     public void normalNone() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public void normalNone() {
 
     @Test
     public void normalNoneRequested() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
         ts.requestMore(2);
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ public void normalNoneRequested() {
 
     @Test
     public void normalError() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ public void normalError() {
         ts.assertError(MissingBackpressureException.class);
         ts.assertNotCompleted();
 
-        Assert.assertEquals("fromEmitter: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
+        Assert.assertEquals("create: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -153,13 +153,13 @@ public void call(Emitter<Integer> emitter) {
                 //don't check for unsubscription
                 emitter.onNext(2);
             }};
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
 
         ts.assertNoValues();
         ts.assertError(MissingBackpressureException.class);
         ts.assertNotCompleted();
 
-        Assert.assertEquals("fromEmitter: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
+        Assert.assertEquals("create: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -172,13 +172,13 @@ public void call(Emitter<Integer> emitter) {
                 //don't check for unsubscription
                 emitter.onCompleted();
             }};
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
 
         ts.assertNoValues();
         ts.assertError(MissingBackpressureException.class);
         ts.assertNotCompleted();
 
-        Assert.assertEquals("fromEmitter: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
+        Assert.assertEquals("create: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ public void call(Emitter<Integer> emitter) {
                     //don't check for unsubscription
                     emitter.onError(e);
                 }};
-            Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
+            Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
 
             ts.assertNoValues();
             ts.assertError(MissingBackpressureException.class);
             ts.assertNotCompleted();
 
-            Assert.assertEquals("fromEmitter: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
+            Assert.assertEquals("create: could not emit value due to lack of requests", ts.getOnErrorEvents().get(0).getMessage());
             assertEquals(Arrays.asList(e), list);
         } finally {
             RxJavaHooks.reset();
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ public void call(Emitter<Integer> emitter) {
 
     @Test
     public void errorBuffered() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ public void errorBuffered() {
 
     @Test
     public void errorLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public void errorLatest() {
 
     @Test
     public void errorNone() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ public void errorNone() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedBuffer() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public void unsubscribedBuffer() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ public void unsubscribedLatest() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedError() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ public void unsubscribedError() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedDrop() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.DROP).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.DROP).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ public void unsubscribedDrop() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedNone() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ public void unsubscribedNone() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedNoCancelBuffer() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ public void unsubscribedNoCancelBuffer() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedNoCancelLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ public void unsubscribedNoCancelLatest() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedNoCancelError() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.ERROR).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ public void unsubscribedNoCancelError() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedNoCancelDrop() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.DROP).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.DROP).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ public void unsubscribedNoCancelDrop() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribedNoCancelNone() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.NONE).subscribe(ts);
         ts.unsubscribe();
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public void unsubscribedNoCancelNone() {
 
     @Test
     public void deferredRequest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ public void deferredRequest() {
 
     @Test
     public void take() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(2).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(2).subscribe(ts);
 
         source.onNext(1);
         source.onNext(2);
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ public void take() {
 
     @Test
     public void takeOne() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(1).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(1).subscribe(ts);
         ts.requestMore(2);
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ public void takeOne() {
 
     @Test
     public void requestExact() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(source, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
         ts.requestMore(2);
 
         source.onNext(1);
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ public void requestExact() {
 
     @Test
     public void takeNoCancel() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(2).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(2).subscribe(ts);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(2);
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ public void takeNoCancel() {
 
     @Test
     public void takeOneNoCancel() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(1).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).take(1).subscribe(ts);
         ts.requestMore(2);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ public void takeOneNoCancel() {
 
     @Test
     public void unsubscribeNoCancel() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
         ts.requestMore(2);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts1);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts1);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
 
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
 
     @Test
     public void completeInline() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onCompleted();
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ public void completeInline() {
 
     @Test
     public void errorInline() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onError(new TestException());
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts1);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.BUFFER).subscribe(ts1);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(2);
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts1);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts1);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
 
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts1);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts1);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
 
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
 
     @Test
     public void completeInlineLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onCompleted();
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ public void completeInlineLatest() {
 
     @Test
     public void completeInlineExactLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onCompleted();
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ public void completeInlineExactLatest() {
 
     @Test
     public void errorInlineLatest() {
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onError(new TestException());
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ public void onNext(Integer t) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.fromEmitter(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts1);
+        Observable.create(sourceNoCancel, Emitter.BackpressureMode.LATEST).subscribe(ts1);
 
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(1);
         sourceNoCancel.onNext(2);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDetachTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDetachTest.java
index 6d06019425..7d435bff79 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDetachTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDetachTest.java
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ public void deferredUpstreamProducer() {
 
         TestSubscriber<Object> ts = new TestSubscriber<Object>(0);
 
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Object>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> t) {
                 subscriber.set(t);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDoOnEachTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDoOnEachTest.java
index 8cf5bdd2cc..bec5c4daab 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDoOnEachTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeDoOnEachTest.java
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ public void testFatalError() {
                     .flatMap(new Func1<Integer, Observable<?>>() {
                         @Override
                         public Observable<?> call(Integer integer) {
-                            return Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+                            return Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
                                 @Override
                                 public void call(Subscriber<Object> o) {
                                     throw new NullPointerException("Test NPE");
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public void call(Throwable e) {
     public void testIfOnNextActionFailsEmitsErrorAndDoesNotFollowWithCompleted() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
         final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ public void call(Integer t) {
     public void testIfOnNextActionFailsEmitsErrorAndDoesNotFollowWithOnNext() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
         final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ public void call(Throwable e) {
             TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final RuntimeException e2 = new RuntimeException();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromArrayTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromArrayTest.java
index cd117169d2..1d5368f097 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromArrayTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromArrayTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Observable<Integer> create(int n) {
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             array[i] = i;
         }
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFromArray<Integer>(array));
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromArray<Integer>(array));
     }
     @Test
     public void simple() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromIterableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromIterableTest.java
index 43993ca137..0464ed8dc0 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromIterableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeFromIterableTest.java
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ public class OnSubscribeFromIterableTest {
 
     @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
     public void testNull() {
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<String>(null));
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<String>(null));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testListIterable() {
-        Observable<String> observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<String>(Arrays.<String> asList("one", "two", "three")));
+        Observable<String> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<String>(Arrays.<String> asList("one", "two", "three")));
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public void remove() {
             }
 
         };
-        Observable<String> observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<String>(it));
+        Observable<String> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribeFromIterable<String>(it));
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeMapTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeMapTest.java
index 6477bdbdc5..12c24cb303 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeMapTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeMapTest.java
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ public void call(Object object) {
         };
 
         try {
-            Observable.create(creator).flatMap(manyMapper).map(mapper).subscribe(onNext);
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(creator).flatMap(manyMapper).map(mapper).subscribe(onNext);
         } catch (RuntimeException e) {
             e.printStackTrace();
             throw e;
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeReduceTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeReduceTest.java
index 9ae07b6112..7d0f1a6cc3 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeReduceTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeReduceTest.java
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ public void testBackpressureWithInitialValue() throws InterruptedException {
     @Test
     public void testNoInitialValueDoesNotEmitMultipleTerminalEvents() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer a, Integer b) {
     @Test
     public void testNoInitialValueUpstreamEmitsMoreOnNextDespiteUnsubscription() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException("e1");
             final Throwable e2 = new RuntimeException("e2");
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRefCountTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRefCountTest.java
index e0761a576a..a64f808e78 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRefCountTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeRefCountTest.java
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ public void call() {
     }
 
     private Observable<Long> synchronousInterval() {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> subscriber) {
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> subscriber) {
     public void onlyFirstShouldSubscribeAndLastUnsubscribe() {
         final AtomicInteger subscriptionCount = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicInteger unsubscriptionCount = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<Integer> observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> observer) {
                 subscriptionCount.incrementAndGet();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMapTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMapTest.java
index 1ed6a542a8..97b7f33673 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMapTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMapTest.java
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ public Map<Integer, Integer> call() {
     public void testFactoryFailureDoesNotAllowErrorAndCompletedEmissions() {
         TestSubscriber<Map<Integer, Integer>> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
         final RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             TestSubscriber<Map<Integer, Integer>> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final RuntimeException e2 = new RuntimeException();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer t) {
     public void testFactoryFailureDoesNotAllowErrorThenOnNextEmissions() {
         TestSubscriber<Map<Integer, Integer>> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
         final RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMultimapTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMultimapTest.java
index 91fb03c0be..a27c2ae662 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMultimapTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeToMultimapTest.java
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ public Collection<Integer> call(Integer k) {
     public void testKeySelectorFailureDoesNotAllowErrorAndCompletedEmissions() {
         TestSubscriber<Map<Integer, Collection<Integer>>> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
         final RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             TestSubscriber<Map<Integer, Collection<Integer>>> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final RuntimeException e2 = new RuntimeException();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer t) {
     public void testFactoryFailureDoesNotAllowErrorThenOnNextEmissions() {
         TestSubscriber<Map<Integer, Collection<Integer>>> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
         final RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeUsingTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeUsingTest.java
index e169cbb68e..3a93d4cc8f 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeUsingTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OnSubscribeUsingTest.java
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ public Subscription call() {
         Func1<Subscription, Observable<Integer>> observableFactory = new Func1<Subscription, Observable<Integer>>() {
             @Override
             public Observable<Integer> call(Subscription subscription) {
-                return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+                return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
                         throw new TestException();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAllTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAllTest.java
index 0ca615d515..5ac74526fa 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAllTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAllTest.java
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ public Boolean call(Object object) {
     @Test
     public void testDoesNotEmitMultipleTerminalEvents() {
         TestSubscriber<Boolean> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ public Boolean call(Integer t) {
     @Test
     public void testUpstreamEmitsOnNextAfterFailureWithoutCheckingSubscription() {
         TestSubscriber<Boolean> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             TestSubscriber<Boolean> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final Throwable e2 = new RuntimeException();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAnyTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAnyTest.java
index 776d6e8f72..0eaf6b07ec 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAnyTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorAnyTest.java
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ public Boolean call(Object object) {
     @Test
     public void testUpstreamEmitsOnNextAfterFailureWithoutCheckingSubscription() {
         TestSubscriber<Boolean> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ public Boolean call(Integer t) {
     @Test
     public void testUpstreamEmitsOnNextWithoutCheckingSubscription() {
         TestSubscriber<Boolean> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             TestSubscriber<Boolean> ts = TestSubscriber.create();
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final Throwable e2 = new RuntimeException();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorBufferTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorBufferTest.java
index 99f4cf5c0f..5cd3b2fa96 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorBufferTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorBufferTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testComplete() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.onCompleted();
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSkipAndCountOverlappingBuffers() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.onNext("one");
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSkipAndCountGaplessBuffers() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.onNext("one");
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSkipAndCountBuffersWithGaps() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.onNext("one");
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testTimedAndCount() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 10);
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testTimed() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 97);
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testObservableBasedOpenerAndCloser() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 10);
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
             }
         });
 
-        Observable<Object> openings = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+        Observable<Object> openings = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<Object> observer) {
                 push(observer, new Object(), 50);
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<Object> observer) {
         Func1<Object, Observable<Object>> closer = new Func1<Object, Observable<Object>>() {
             @Override
             public Observable<Object> call(Object opening) {
-                return Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+                return Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
                         push(observer, new Object(), 100);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testObservableBasedCloser() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 10);
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
         Func0<Observable<Object>> closer = new Func0<Observable<Object>>() {
             @Override
             public Observable<Object> call() {
-                return Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+                return Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
                         push(observer, new Object(), 100);
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestThroughBufferWithSize1() {
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = new TestSubscriber<List<Integer>>();
         ts.requestMore(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
     public void testProducerRequestThroughBufferWithSize2() {
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = new TestSubscriber<List<Integer>>();
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestThroughBufferWithSize3() {
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = new TestSubscriber<List<Integer>>();
         ts.requestMore(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
     public void testProducerRequestThroughBufferWithSize4() {
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = new TestSubscriber<List<Integer>>();
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestOverflowThroughBufferWithSize1() {
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = new TestSubscriber<List<Integer>>();
         ts.requestMore(Long.MAX_VALUE / 2);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestOverflowThroughBufferWithSize2() {
         TestSubscriber<List<Integer>> ts = new TestSubscriber<List<Integer>>();
         ts.requestMore(Long.MAX_VALUE / 2);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
     @Test
     public void testProducerRequestOverflowThroughBufferWithSize3() {
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorConcatTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorConcatTest.java
index 564eb9e709..1e818accda 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorConcatTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorConcatTest.java
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public void testConcatObservableOfObservables() {
         final Observable<String> odds = Observable.from(o);
         final Observable<String> even = Observable.from(e);
 
-        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public void testSimpleAsyncConcat() {
         TestObservable<String> o1 = new TestObservable<String>("one", "two", "three");
         TestObservable<String> o2 = new TestObservable<String>("four", "five", "six");
 
-        Observable.concat(Observable.create(o1), Observable.create(o2)).subscribe(observer);
+        Observable.concat(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1), Observable.unsafeCreate(o2)).subscribe(observer);
 
         try {
             // wait for async observables to complete
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ public void testNestedAsyncConcat() throws Throwable {
 
         final AtomicReference<Thread> parent = new AtomicReference<Thread>();
         final CountDownLatch parentHasStarted = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ public void run() {
                             // emit first
                             if (!s.isUnsubscribed()) {
                                 System.out.println("Emit o1");
-                                observer.onNext(Observable.create(o1));
+                                observer.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1));
                             }
                             // emit second
                             if (!s.isUnsubscribed()) {
                                 System.out.println("Emit o2");
-                                observer.onNext(Observable.create(o2));
+                                observer.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(o2));
                             }
 
                             // wait until sometime later and emit third
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public void run() {
                             }
                             if (!s.isUnsubscribed()) {
                                 System.out.println("Emit o3");
-                                observer.onNext(Observable.create(o3));
+                                observer.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(o3));
                             }
 
                         } catch (Throwable e) {
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ public void testBlockedObservableOfObservables() {
         final CountDownLatch callOnce = new CountDownLatch(1);
         final CountDownLatch okToContinue = new CountDownLatch(1);
         TestObservable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = new TestObservable<Observable<String>>(callOnce, okToContinue, odds, even);
-        Observable<String> concatF = Observable.concat(Observable.create(observableOfObservables));
+        Observable<String> concatF = Observable.concat(Observable.unsafeCreate(observableOfObservables));
         concatF.subscribe(observer);
         try {
             //Block main thread to allow observables to serve up o1.
@@ -323,8 +323,8 @@ public void testConcatConcurrentWithInfinity() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-        TestObservable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = new TestObservable<Observable<String>>(Observable.create(w1), Observable.create(w2));
-        Observable<String> concatF = Observable.concat(Observable.create(observableOfObservables));
+        TestObservable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = new TestObservable<Observable<String>>(Observable.unsafeCreate(w1), Observable.unsafeCreate(w2));
+        Observable<String> concatF = Observable.concat(Observable.unsafeCreate(observableOfObservables));
 
         concatF.take(50).subscribe(observer);
 
@@ -357,13 +357,13 @@ public void testConcatNonBlockingObservables() {
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
                 // simulate what would happen in an observable
-                observer.onNext(Observable.create(w1));
-                observer.onNext(Observable.create(w2));
+                observer.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(w1));
+                observer.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(w2));
                 observer.onCompleted();
             }
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ public void testConcatUnsubscribe() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         final Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        final Observable<String> concat = Observable.concat(Observable.create(w1), Observable.create(w2));
+        final Observable<String> concat = Observable.concat(Observable.unsafeCreate(w1), Observable.unsafeCreate(w2));
 
         try {
             // Subscribe
@@ -450,8 +450,8 @@ public void testConcatUnsubscribeConcurrent() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-        TestObservable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = new TestObservable<Observable<String>>(Observable.create(w1), Observable.create(w2));
-        Observable<String> concatF = Observable.concat(Observable.create(observableOfObservables));
+        TestObservable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = new TestObservable<Observable<String>>(Observable.unsafeCreate(w1), Observable.unsafeCreate(w2));
+        Observable<String> concatF = Observable.concat(Observable.unsafeCreate(observableOfObservables));
 
         Subscription s1 = concatF.subscribe(observer);
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ public void testMultipleObservers() {
     @Test
     public void concatVeryLongObservableOfObservables() {
         final int n = 10000;
-        Observable<Observable<Integer>> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Observable<Integer>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<Integer>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Observable<Integer>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<Integer>> s) {
                 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<Integer>> s) {
     @Test
     public void concatVeryLongObservableOfObservablesTakeHalf() {
         final int n = 10000;
-        Observable<Observable<Integer>> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Observable<Integer>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<Integer>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Observable<Integer>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<Integer>> s) {
                 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ public void testInnerBackpressureWithoutAlignedBoundaries() {
     // https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/issues/1818
     @Test
     public void testConcatWithNonCompliantSourceDoubleOnComplete() {
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDebounceTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDebounceTest.java
index ae509c743d..bf3cad52d5 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDebounceTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDebounceTest.java
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testDebounceWithCompleted() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 publishNext(observer, 100, "one");    // Should be skipped since "two" will arrive before the timeout expires.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testDebounceNeverEmits() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 // all should be skipped since they are happening faster than the 200ms timeout
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testDebounceWithError() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 Exception error = new TestException();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnRequestTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnRequestTest.java
index e471376e93..d1ddd22c85 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnRequestTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnRequestTest.java
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public void dontRequestIfDownstreamRequestsLate() {
 
         final AtomicReference<Producer> producer = new AtomicReference<Producer>();
 
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 t.setProducer(new Producer() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnSubscribeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnSubscribeTest.java
index 4765a5dfe3..2f60a9e8c5 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnSubscribeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorDoOnSubscribeTest.java
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public void testDoOnUnSubscribeWorksWithRefCount() throws Exception {
         final AtomicInteger countBefore = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicInteger countAfter = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicReference<Subscriber<? super Integer>> sref = new AtomicReference<Subscriber<? super Integer>>();
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorGroupByTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorGroupByTest.java
index 1cad5330c3..5d035bcd82 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorGroupByTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorGroupByTest.java
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ public void testGroupedEventStream() throws Throwable {
         final int count = 100;
         final int groupCount = 2;
 
-        Observable<Event> es = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Event>() {
+        Observable<Event> es = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Event>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Event> observer) {
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ public void call(String s) {
     public void testFirstGroupsCompleteAndParentSlowToThenEmitFinalGroupsAndThenComplete() throws InterruptedException {
         final CountDownLatch first = new CountDownLatch(2); // there are two groups to first complete
         final ArrayList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ public void testFirstGroupsCompleteAndParentSlowToThenEmitFinalGroupsWhichThenSu
         System.err.println("----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
         final CountDownLatch first = new CountDownLatch(2); // there are two groups to first complete
         final ArrayList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ public void call(String s) {
     public void testFirstGroupsCompleteAndParentSlowToThenEmitFinalGroupsWhichThenObservesOnAndDelaysAndThenCompletes() throws InterruptedException {
         final CountDownLatch first = new CountDownLatch(2); // there are two groups to first complete
         final ArrayList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ public void call(String s) {
     @Test
     public void testGroupsWithNestedSubscribeOn() throws InterruptedException {
         final ArrayList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ public void call(String s) {
     @Test
     public void testGroupsWithNestedObserveOn() throws InterruptedException {
         final ArrayList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ Observable<Event> ASYNC_INFINITE_OBSERVABLE_OF_EVENT(final int numGroups, final
     }
 
     Observable<Event> SYNC_INFINITE_OBSERVABLE_OF_EVENT(final int numGroups, final AtomicInteger subscribeCounter, final AtomicInteger sentEventCounter) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Event>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Event>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Event> op) {
@@ -1375,7 +1375,7 @@ public void call(String s) {
     @Test
     public void testGroupByUnsubscribe() {
         final Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(
                 new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
@@ -1419,7 +1419,7 @@ public void onNext(GroupedObservable<Integer, Integer> o) {
                 }
             }
         });
-        Observable.create(
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(
                 new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMaterializeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMaterializeTest.java
index af090b4379..437593d313 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMaterializeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMaterializeTest.java
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public void testMaterialize1() {
                 "three");
 
         TestObserver Observer = new TestObserver();
-        Observable<Notification<String>> m = Observable.create(o1).materialize();
+        Observable<Notification<String>> m = Observable.unsafeCreate(o1).materialize();
         m.subscribe(Observer);
 
         try {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public void testMaterialize2() {
         final TestAsyncErrorObservable o1 = new TestAsyncErrorObservable("one", "two", "three");
 
         TestObserver Observer = new TestObserver();
-        Observable<Notification<String>> m = Observable.create(o1).materialize();
+        Observable<Notification<String>> m = Observable.unsafeCreate(o1).materialize();
         m.subscribe(Observer);
 
         try {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void testMaterialize2() {
     public void testMultipleSubscribes() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
         final TestAsyncErrorObservable o = new TestAsyncErrorObservable("one", "two", null, "three");
 
-        Observable<Notification<String>> m = Observable.create(o).materialize();
+        Observable<Notification<String>> m = Observable.unsafeCreate(o).materialize();
 
         assertEquals(3, m.toList().toBlocking().toFuture().get().size());
         assertEquals(3, m.toList().toBlocking().toFuture().get().size());
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeDelayErrorTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeDelayErrorTest.java
index 7943e30dee..05326cf75a 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeDelayErrorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeDelayErrorTest.java
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testErrorDelayed1() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ public void testErrorDelayed1() {
 
     @Test
     public void testErrorDelayed2() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
-        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight", null));
-        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("nine"));
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
+        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight", null));
+        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("nine"));
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2, o3, o4);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ public void testErrorDelayed2() {
 
     @Test
     public void testErrorDelayed3() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", "five", "six"));
-        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight", null));
-        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("nine"));
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", "five", "six"));
+        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight", null));
+        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("nine"));
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2, o3, o4);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ public void testErrorDelayed3() {
 
     @Test
     public void testErrorDelayed4() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", "five", "six"));
-        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight"));
-        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("nine", null));
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", "five", "six"));
+        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight"));
+        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("nine", null));
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2, o3, o4);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public void testErrorDelayed4WithThreading() {
         // throw the error at the very end so no onComplete will be called after it
         final TestAsyncErrorObservable o4 = new TestAsyncErrorObservable("nine", null);
 
-        Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(Observable.create(o1), Observable.create(o2), Observable.create(o3), Observable.create(o4));
+        Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1), Observable.unsafeCreate(o2), Observable.unsafeCreate(o3), Observable.unsafeCreate(o4));
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
 
         try {
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ public void testErrorDelayed4WithThreading() {
 
     @Test
     public void testCompositeErrorDelayed1() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", null));
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", null));
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ public void testCompositeErrorDelayed1() {
 
     @Test
     public void testCompositeErrorDelayed2() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", null));
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six" from the source (and it should never be sent by the source since onError was called
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", null));
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2);
         CaptureObserver w = new CaptureObserver();
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ public void testCompositeErrorDelayed2() {
 
     @Test
     public void testMergeObservableOfObservables() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
 
-        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testMergeArray() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(o1, o2);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ public void testMergeArray() {
 
     @Test
     public void testMergeList() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
         List<Observable<String>> listOfObservables = new ArrayList<Observable<String>>();
         listOfObservables.add(o1);
         listOfObservables.add(o2);
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ public void testMergeList() {
     // This is pretty much a clone of testMergeList but with the overloaded MergeDelayError for Iterables
     @Test
     public void mergeIterable() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
         List<Observable<String>> listOfObservables = new ArrayList<Observable<String>>();
         listOfObservables.add(o1);
         listOfObservables.add(o2);
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ public void testMergeArrayWithThreading() {
         final TestASynchronousObservable o1 = new TestASynchronousObservable();
         final TestASynchronousObservable o2 = new TestASynchronousObservable();
 
-        Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(Observable.create(o1), Observable.create(o2));
+        Observable<String> m = Observable.mergeDelayError(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1), Observable.unsafeCreate(o2));
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
 
         try {
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ public void onNext(String args) {
     }
     @Test
     public void testMergeSourceWhichDoesntPropagateExceptionBack() {
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
                 try {
@@ -527,11 +527,11 @@ public void testErrorInParentObservableDelayed() throws Exception {
         for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
             final TestASynchronous1sDelayedObservable o1 = new TestASynchronous1sDelayedObservable();
             final TestASynchronous1sDelayedObservable o2 = new TestASynchronous1sDelayedObservable();
-            Observable<Observable<String>> parentObservable = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+            Observable<Observable<String>> parentObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
                 @Override
                 public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> op) {
-                    op.onNext(Observable.create(o1));
-                    op.onNext(Observable.create(o2));
+                    op.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1));
+                    op.onNext(Observable.unsafeCreate(o2));
                     op.onError(new NullPointerException("throwing exception in parent"));
                 }
             });
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeMaxConcurrentTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeMaxConcurrentTest.java
index 56685b1630..21ce364b34 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeMaxConcurrentTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeMaxConcurrentTest.java
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public void testMaxConcurrent() {
             for (int i = 0; i < observableCount; i++) {
                 SubscriptionCheckObservable sco = new SubscriptionCheckObservable(subscriptionCount, maxConcurrent);
                 scos.add(sco);
-                os.add(Observable.create(sco));
+                os.add(Observable.unsafeCreate(sco));
             }
 
             Iterator<String> iter = Observable.merge(os, maxConcurrent).toBlocking().toIterable().iterator();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeTest.java
index d79649667d..7528cb88d8 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorMergeTest.java
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testMergeObservableOfObservables() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
 
-        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> observableOfObservables = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testMergeArray() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(o1, o2);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ public void testMergeArray() {
 
     @Test
     public void testMergeList() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestSynchronousObservable());
         List<Observable<String>> listOfObservables = new ArrayList<Observable<String>>();
         listOfObservables.add(o1);
         listOfObservables.add(o2);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public void testUnSubscribeObservableOfObservables() throws InterruptedException
         final AtomicBoolean unsubscribed = new AtomicBoolean();
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
 
-        Observable<Observable<Long>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<Long>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<Long>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<Long>>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Observable<Long>> observer) {
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ public void testMergeArrayWithThreading() {
         final TestASynchronousObservable o1 = new TestASynchronousObservable();
         final TestASynchronousObservable o2 = new TestASynchronousObservable();
 
-        Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(Observable.create(o1), Observable.create(o2));
+        Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1), Observable.unsafeCreate(o2));
         TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>(stringObserver);
         m.subscribe(ts);
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ public void testSynchronizationOfMultipleSequences() throws Throwable {
         final AtomicInteger concurrentCounter = new AtomicInteger();
         final AtomicInteger totalCounter = new AtomicInteger();
 
-        Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(Observable.create(o1), Observable.create(o2));
+        Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(Observable.unsafeCreate(o1), Observable.unsafeCreate(o2));
         m.subscribe(new Subscriber<String>() {
 
             @Override
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ public void onNext(String v) {
     @Test
     public void testError1() {
         // we are using synchronous execution to test this exactly rather than non-deterministic concurrent behavior
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six"
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three")); // we expect to lose all of these since o1 is done first and fails
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six"
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three")); // we expect to lose all of these since o1 is done first and fails
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(o1, o2);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -284,10 +284,10 @@ public void testError1() {
     @Test
     public void testError2() {
         // we are using synchronous execution to test this exactly rather than non-deterministic concurrent behavior
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six"
-        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight", null));// we expect to lose all of these since o2 is done first and fails
-        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.create(new TestErrorObservable("nine"));// we expect to lose all of these since o2 is done first and fails
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("one", "two", "three"));
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("four", null, "six")); // we expect to lose "six"
+        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("seven", "eight", null));// we expect to lose all of these since o2 is done first and fails
+        final Observable<String> o4 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new TestErrorObservable("nine"));// we expect to lose all of these since o2 is done first and fails
 
         Observable<String> m = Observable.merge(o1, o2, o3, o4);
         m.subscribe(stringObserver);
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ public void testError2() {
     @Test
     public void testThrownErrorHandling() {
         TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>();
-        Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ public void testEarlyUnsubscribe() {
     }
 
     private Observable<Long> createObservableOf5IntervalsOf1SecondIncrementsWithSubscriptionHook(final Scheduler scheduler, final AtomicBoolean unsubscribed) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> s) {
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ public void testConcurrency() {
     @Test
     public void testConcurrencyWithSleeping() {
 
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ public void call() {
 
     @Test
     public void testConcurrencyWithBrokenOnCompleteContract() {
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ public void mergeWithNullValues() {
     public void mergeWithTerminalEventAfterUnsubscribe() {
         System.out.println("mergeWithTerminalEventAfterUnsubscribe");
         TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>();
-        Observable<String> bad = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> bad = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ public void mergeManyAsyncSingle() {
 
             @Override
             public Observable<Integer> call(final Integer i) {
-                return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+                return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorObserveOnTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorObserveOnTest.java
index c5a29e04a2..df2e21e5c8 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorObserveOnTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorObserveOnTest.java
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ public boolean hasNext() {
     @Test
     public void testQueueFullEmitsError() {
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        Observable<Integer> observable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureBufferTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureBufferTest.java
index ea48f2847e..b76405b12c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureBufferTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureBufferTest.java
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ public void onNext(T t) {
         });
     }
 
-    static final Observable<Long> infinite = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+    static final Observable<Long> infinite = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
         @Override
         public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureDropTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureDropTest.java
index 87d748e2ea..07174570b5 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureDropTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnBackpressureDropTest.java
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ public void testOnDropMethodIsCalled() {
         final List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
         // request 0
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ public void call(Integer t) {
     public void testUpstreamEmitsOnCompletedAfterFailureWithoutCheckingSubscription() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
         final RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ public void call(Throwable t) {
             TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
             final RuntimeException e1 = new RuntimeException();
             final RuntimeException e2 = new RuntimeException();
-            Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ public void call(Integer t) {
     public void testUpstreamEmitsOnNextAfterFailureWithoutCheckingSubscription() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = TestSubscriber.create(0);
         final RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ public void call(Long n) {
         }
     };
 
-    static final Observable<Long> infinite = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+    static final Observable<Long> infinite = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
         @Override
         public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> s) {
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> s) {
     });
 
     private static final Observable<Long> range(final long n) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaFunctionTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaFunctionTest.java
index 9076e2f542..e127334588 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaFunctionTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaFunctionTest.java
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public class OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaFunctionTest {
     @Test
     public void testResumeNextWithSynchronousExecution() {
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> receivedException = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public Observable<String> call(Throwable t1) {
             }
 
         };
-        Observable<String> observable = Observable.create(w).onErrorResumeNext(resume);
+        Observable<String> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(w).onErrorResumeNext(resume);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public Observable<String> call(Throwable t1) {
             }
 
         };
-        Observable<String> observable = Observable.create(w).onErrorResumeNext(resume);
+        Observable<String> observable = Observable.unsafeCreate(w).onErrorResumeNext(resume);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaObservableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaObservableTest.java
index a7315a9158..41f910c2fc 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaObservableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorResumeNextViaObservableTest.java
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public void testResumeNext() {
         Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
         // Trigger failure on second element
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable(s, "one", "fail", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         Observable<String> resume = Observable.just("twoResume", "threeResume");
         Observable<String> observable = w.onErrorResumeNext(resume);
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public void testMapResumeAsyncNext() {
         Observable<String> w = Observable.just("one", "fail", "two", "three", "fail");
         // Resume Observable is async
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable(sr, "twoResume", "threeResume");
-        Observable<String> resume = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> resume = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
 
         // Introduce map function that fails intermittently (Map does not prevent this when the observer is a
         //  rx.operator incl onErrorResumeNextViaObservable)
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public String call(String s) {
 
     @Test
     public void testResumeNextWithFailedOnSubscribe() {
-        Observable<String> testObservable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> testObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> t1) {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> t1) {
 
     @Test
     public void testResumeNextWithFailedOnSubscribeAsync() {
-        Observable<String> testObservable = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> testObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> t1) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorReturnTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorReturnTest.java
index 57a16e7829..196d5d49ce 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorReturnTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnErrorReturnTest.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class OperatorOnErrorReturnTest {
     @Test
     public void testResumeNext() {
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("one");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> capturedException = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
 
         Observable<String> observable = w.onErrorReturn(new Func1<Throwable, String>() {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public String call(Throwable e) {
     @Test
     public void testFunctionThrowsError() {
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("one");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> capturedException = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
 
         Observable<String> observable = w.onErrorReturn(new Func1<Throwable, String>() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnExceptionResumeNextViaObservableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnExceptionResumeNextViaObservableTest.java
index 3b403f90e1..b54c7d4c46 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnExceptionResumeNextViaObservableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorOnExceptionResumeNextViaObservableTest.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public class OperatorOnExceptionResumeNextViaObservableTest {
     public void testResumeNextWithException() {
         // Trigger failure on second element
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("one", "EXCEPTION", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         Observable<String> resume = Observable.just("twoResume", "threeResume");
         Observable<String> observable = w.onExceptionResumeNext(resume);
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public void testResumeNextWithException() {
     public void testResumeNextWithRuntimeException() {
         // Trigger failure on second element
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("one", "RUNTIMEEXCEPTION", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         Observable<String> resume = Observable.just("twoResume", "threeResume");
         Observable<String> observable = w.onExceptionResumeNext(resume);
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public void testResumeNextWithRuntimeException() {
     public void testThrowablePassesThru() {
         // Trigger failure on second element
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("one", "THROWABLE", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         Observable<String> resume = Observable.just("twoResume", "threeResume");
         Observable<String> observable = w.onExceptionResumeNext(resume);
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public void testThrowablePassesThru() {
     public void testErrorPassesThru() {
         // Trigger failure on second element
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("one", "ON_OVERFLOW_ERROR", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
         Observable<String> resume = Observable.just("twoResume", "threeResume");
         Observable<String> observable = w.onExceptionResumeNext(resume);
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ public void testMapResumeAsyncNext() {
         Observable<String> w = Observable.just("one", "fail", "two", "three", "fail");
         // Resume Observable is async
         TestObservable f = new TestObservable("twoResume", "threeResume");
-        Observable<String> resume = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> resume = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
 
         // Introduce map function that fails intermittently (Map does not prevent this when the observer is a
         //  rx.operator incl onErrorResumeNextViaObservable)
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublishTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublishTest.java
index d0f524159f..9855143447 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublishTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorPublishTest.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public class OperatorPublishTest {
     @Test
     public void testPublish() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        ConnectableObservable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        ConnectableObservable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ public void onStart() {
     @Test
     public void testConnectIsIdempotent() {
         final AtomicInteger calls = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 calls.getAndIncrement();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRepeatTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRepeatTest.java
index c736b2ef3f..1a37f23c05 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRepeatTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRepeatTest.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public class OperatorRepeatTest {
     public void testRepetition() {
         int NUM = 10;
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
-        int value = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        int value = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> o) {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public void testNoStackOverFlow() {
     public void testRepeatTakeWithSubscribeOn() throws InterruptedException {
 
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<Integer> oi = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> oi = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplayTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplayTest.java
index e98c542cd8..e4734c30a6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplayTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorReplayTest.java
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ public void testColdReplayBackpressure() {
     @Test
     public void testCache() throws InterruptedException {
         final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ public void testNoMissingBackpressureException() {
             m = 4 * 1000 * 1000;
         }
 
-        Observable<Integer> firehose = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> firehose = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryTest.java
index 7937f8945f..d4cf161dc5 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryTest.java
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public class OperatorRetryTest {
     public void iterativeBackoff() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> consumer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> producer = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> producer = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(4);
             long last = System.currentTimeMillis();
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public void testRetryIndefinitely() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
         int NUM_RETRIES = 20;
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
         origin.retry().unsafeSubscribe(new TestSubscriber<String>(observer));
 
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(observer);
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public void testSchedulingNotificationHandler() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
         int NUM_RETRIES = 2;
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
         TestSubscriber<String> subscriber = new TestSubscriber<String>(observer);
         origin.retryWhen(new Func1<Observable<? extends Throwable>, Observable<?>>() {
             @Override
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ public void testOnNextFromNotificationHandler() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
         int NUM_RETRIES = 2;
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
         origin.retryWhen(new Func1<Observable<? extends Throwable>, Observable<?>>() {
             @Override
             public Observable<?> call(Observable<? extends Throwable> t1) {
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ public Void call(Throwable t1) {
     public void testOnCompletedFromNotificationHandler() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(1));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(1));
         TestSubscriber<String> subscriber = new TestSubscriber<String>(observer);
         origin.retryWhen(new Func1<Observable<? extends Throwable>, Observable<?>>() {
             @Override
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ public Observable<?> call(Observable<? extends Throwable> t1) {
     public void testOnErrorFromNotificationHandler() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(2));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(2));
         origin.retryWhen(new Func1<Observable<? extends Throwable>, Observable<?>>() {
             @Override
             public Observable<?> call(Observable<? extends Throwable> t1) {
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
             }
         };
 
-        int first = Observable.create(onSubscribe)
+        int first = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe)
                 .retryWhen(new Func1<Observable<? extends Throwable>, Observable<?>>() {
                     @Override
                     public Observable<?> call(Observable<? extends Throwable> attempt) {
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ public Void call(Throwable o, Integer integer) {
     public void testOriginFails() {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(1));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(1));
         origin.subscribe(observer);
 
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(observer);
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ public void testRetryFail() {
         int NUM_FAILURES = 2;
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_FAILURES));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_FAILURES));
         origin.retry(NUM_RETRIES).subscribe(observer);
 
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(observer);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ public void testRetrySuccess() {
         int NUM_FAILURES = 1;
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_FAILURES));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_FAILURES));
         origin.retry(3).subscribe(observer);
 
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(observer);
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ public void testInfiniteRetry() {
         int NUM_FAILURES = 20;
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_FAILURES));
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_FAILURES));
         origin.retry().subscribe(observer);
 
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(observer);
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ public boolean isUnsubscribed() {
                 });
             }
         };
-        Observable<String> stream = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> stream = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
         Observable<String> streamWithRetry = stream.retry();
         Subscription sub = streamWithRetry.subscribe();
         assertEquals(1, subsCount.get());
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.create(onSubscribe).retry(3).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe).retry(3).subscribe(ts);
         assertEquals(4, subsCount.get()); // 1 + 3 retries
     }
 
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.create(onSubscribe).retry(1).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe).retry(1).subscribe(ts);
         assertEquals(2, subsCount.get());
     }
 
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.create(onSubscribe).retry(0).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe).retry(0).subscribe(ts);
         assertEquals(1, subsCount.get());
     }
 
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ public void testUnsubscribeAfterError() {
 
         // Observable that always fails after 100ms
         SlowObservable so = new SlowObservable(100, 0);
-        Observable<Long> o = Observable.create(so).retry(5);
+        Observable<Long> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(so).retry(5);
 
         AsyncObserver<Long> async = new AsyncObserver<Long>(observer);
 
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ public void testTimeoutWithRetry() {
 
         // Observable that sends every 100ms (timeout fails instead)
         SlowObservable so = new SlowObservable(100, 10);
-        Observable<Long> o = Observable.create(so).timeout(80, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS).retry(5);
+        Observable<Long> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(so).timeout(80, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS).retry(5);
 
         AsyncObserver<Long> async = new AsyncObserver<Long>(observer);
 
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ public void testRetryWithBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
             for (int i = 0; i < 400; i++) {
                 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                 Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-                Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
+                Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
                 TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>(observer);
                 origin.retry().observeOn(Schedulers.computation()).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
                 ts.awaitTerminalEvent(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ public void testRetryWithBackpressureParallel() throws InterruptedException {
                         public void run() {
                             final AtomicInteger nexts = new AtomicInteger();
                             try {
-                                Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
+                                Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new FuncWithErrors(NUM_RETRIES));
                                 TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>();
                                 origin.retry()
                                 .observeOn(Schedulers.computation()).unsafeSubscribe(ts);
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ public void testIssue1900SourceNotSupportingBackpressure() {
         final int NUM_MSG = 1034;
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
 
-        Observable<String> origin = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> origin = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryWithPredicateTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryWithPredicateTest.java
index f526d327f6..dab59e9f0d 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryWithPredicateTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorRetryWithPredicateTest.java
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public void testWithNothingToRetry() {
     }
     @Test
     public void testRetryTwice() {
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             int count;
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
     }
     @Test
     public void testRetryTwiceAndGiveUp() {
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
                 t1.onNext(0);
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
     }
     @Test
     public void testRetryOnSpecificException() {
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             int count;
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
     public void testRetryOnSpecificExceptionAndNotOther() {
         final IOException ioe = new IOException();
         final TestException te = new TestException();
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             int count;
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ public void testUnsubscribeAfterError() {
         // Observable that always fails after 100ms
         OperatorRetryTest.SlowObservable so = new OperatorRetryTest.SlowObservable(100, 0);
         Observable<Long> o = Observable
-                .create(so)
+                .unsafeCreate(so)
                 .retry(retry5);
 
         OperatorRetryTest.AsyncObserver<Long> async = new OperatorRetryTest.AsyncObserver<Long>(observer);
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ public void testTimeoutWithRetry() {
         // Observable that sends every 100ms (timeout fails instead)
         OperatorRetryTest.SlowObservable so = new OperatorRetryTest.SlowObservable(100, 10);
         Observable<Long> o = Observable
-                .create(so)
+                .unsafeCreate(so)
                 .timeout(80, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
                 .retry(retry5);
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSampleTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSampleTest.java
index 04000973ec..20d59d8523 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSampleTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSampleTest.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testSample() {
-        Observable<Long> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        Observable<Long> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Long> observer1) {
                 innerScheduler.schedule(new Action0() {
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public void call() {
 
     @Test
     public void sampleWithTimeEmitAndTerminate() {
-        Observable<Long> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        Observable<Long> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Long> observer1) {
                 innerScheduler.schedule(new Action0() {
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ public void sampleWithSamplerThrows() {
     @Test
     public void testSampleUnsubscribe() {
         final Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(
                 new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ public void dontUnsubscribeChild2() {
 
     @Test
     public void neverSetProducer() {
-        Observable<Integer> neverBackpressure = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> neverBackpressure = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 t.setProducer(new Producer() {
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ public void setProducer(Producer p) {
     public void unsubscribeMainAfterCompleted() {
         final AtomicBoolean unsubscribed = new AtomicBoolean();
 
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 t.add(Subscriptions.create(new Action0() {
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ public void onCompleted() {
     public void unsubscribeSamplerAfterCompleted() {
         final AtomicBoolean unsubscribed = new AtomicBoolean();
 
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 t.add(Subscriptions.create(new Action0() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorScanTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorScanTest.java
index c6bf08b718..e20519ed17 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorScanTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorScanTest.java
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer t1, Integer t2) {
     @Test
     public void testScanShouldNotRequestZero() {
         final AtomicReference<Producer> producer = new AtomicReference<Producer>();
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
                 Producer p = spy(new Producer() {
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer t1, Integer t2) {
 
     @Test
     public void testInitialValueEmittedWithProducer() {
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t) {
                 t.setProducer(new Producer() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSerializeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSerializeTest.java
index 450e2e0185..14d38dd76b 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSerializeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSerializeTest.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public void before() {
     @Test
     public void testSingleThreadedBasic() {
         TestSingleThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestSingleThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
         w.serialize().subscribe(observer);
         onSubscribe.waitToFinish();
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public void testSingleThreadedBasic() {
     @Test
     public void testMultiThreadedBasic() {
         TestMultiThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestMultiThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
         BusyObserver busyobserver = new BusyObserver();
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public void testMultiThreadedBasic() {
     @Test
     public void testMultiThreadedWithNPE() {
         TestMultiThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestMultiThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three", null);
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
         BusyObserver busyobserver = new BusyObserver();
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public void testMultiThreadedWithNPEinMiddle() {
         boolean lessThan9 = false;
         for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
             TestMultiThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestMultiThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three", null, "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine");
-            Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+            Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
             BusyObserver busyobserver = new BusyObserver();
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSubscribeOnTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSubscribeOnTest.java
index 65f1b9870e..6eb4abd8e8 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSubscribeOnTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSubscribeOnTest.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public void testIssue813() throws InterruptedException {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> observer = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
 
         final Subscription subscription = Observable
-                .create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+                .unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(
                             final Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public void call(
     @Test
     public void testThrownErrorHandling() {
         TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
     @Test
     public void testOnError() {
         TestSubscriber<String> ts = new TestSubscriber<String>();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ public Subscription schedule(final Action0 action, final long delayTime, final T
     public void testUnsubscribeInfiniteStream() throws InterruptedException {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> sub) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchIfEmptyTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchIfEmptyTest.java
index 70225a53eb..5108f4001d 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchIfEmptyTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchIfEmptyTest.java
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public void testSwitchWhenEmpty() throws Exception {
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWithProducer() throws Exception {
         final AtomicBoolean emitted = new AtomicBoolean(false);
-        Observable<Long> withProducer = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        Observable<Long> withProducer = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Long>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Long> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.setProducer(new Producer() {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
     public void testSwitchTriggerUnsubscribe() throws Exception {
         final Subscription empty = Subscriptions.empty();
 
-        Observable<Long> withProducer = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        Observable<Long> withProducer = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Long>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Long> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.add(empty);
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public void onNext(Long aLong) {
     public void testSwitchShouldTriggerUnsubscribe() {
         final Subscription s = Subscriptions.empty();
 
-        Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Long>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Long> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.add(s);
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public void testBackpressureOnFirstObservable() {
     @Test(timeout = 10000)
     public void testRequestsNotLost() throws InterruptedException {
         final TestSubscriber<Long> ts = new TestSubscriber<Long>(0);
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Long> subscriber) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchTest.java
index 1a8732e341..8525c18cd6 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorSwitchTest.java
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWhenOuterCompleteBeforeInner() {
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 70, "one");
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWhenInnerCompleteBeforeOuter() {
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 10, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 10, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 0, "one");
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 100, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 100, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 0, "three");
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWithComplete() {
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 60, "one");
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 200, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 200, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 0, "three");
@@ -179,10 +179,10 @@ public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWithError() {
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 50, "one");
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 200, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 200, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 0, "three");
@@ -235,10 +235,10 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWithSubsequenceComplete() {
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 50, "one");
@@ -246,14 +246,14 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 130, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 130, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishCompleted(observer, 0);
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 150, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 150, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 50, "three");
@@ -285,10 +285,10 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testSwitchWithSubsequenceError() {
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 50, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 50, "one");
@@ -296,14 +296,14 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 130, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 130, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishError(observer, 0, new TestException());
                     }
                 }));
 
-                publishNext(observer, 150, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 150, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 50, "three");
@@ -364,10 +364,10 @@ public void call() {
     @Test
     public void testSwitchIssue737() {
         // https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/issues/737
-        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
-                publishNext(observer, 0, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 0, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 10, "1-one");
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishCompleted(observer, 40);
                     }
                 }));
-                publishNext(observer, 25, Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                publishNext(observer, 25, Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                         publishNext(observer, 10, "2-one");
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testBackpressure() {
-        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        final Observable<String> o1 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.setProducer(new Producer() {
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
                 });
             }
         });
-        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        final Observable<String> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.setProducer(new Producer() {
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
                 });
             }
         });
-        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        final Observable<String> o3 = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.setProducer(new Producer() {
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ public void request(long n) {
                 });
             }
         });
-        Observable<Observable<String>> o = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
+        Observable<Observable<String>> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<String>>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Observable<String>> observer) {
                 publishNext(observer, 10, o1);
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ public void onNext(String s) {
     public void testUnsubscribe() {
         final AtomicBoolean isUnsubscribed = new AtomicBoolean();
         Observable.switchOnNext(
-                Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<Integer>>() {
+                Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Observable<Integer>>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(final Subscriber<? super Observable<Integer>> subscriber) {
                         subscriber.onNext(Observable.just(1));
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeTest.java
index 0dc3dbc8c4..edf17bac10 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeTest.java
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer t1) {
 
     @Test
     public void testTakeDoesntLeakErrors() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.onNext("one");
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
     public void testTakeZeroDoesntLeakError() {
         final AtomicBoolean subscribed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
         final AtomicBoolean unSubscribed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 subscribed.set(true);
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ public boolean isUnsubscribed() {
     public void testUnsubscribeAfterTake() {
         final Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
         TestObservableFunc f = new TestObservableFunc("one", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(f);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(f);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ public void call(Long l) {
     @Test(timeout = 2000)
     public void testMultiTake() {
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ public void run() {
         }
     }
 
-    private static Observable<Long> INFINITE_OBSERVABLE = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+    private static Observable<Long> INFINITE_OBSERVABLE = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
         @Override
         public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> op) {
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestThroughTake() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         ts.requestMore(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ public void testProducerRequestThroughTakeIsModified() {
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
         ts.requestMore(3);
         final AtomicLong requested = new AtomicLong();
-        Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeUntilTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeUntilTest.java
index 28c0c432ff..5c590c68c5 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeUntilTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeUntilTest.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public void testTakeUntil() {
         TestObservable other = new TestObservable(sOther);
 
         Observer<String> result = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.create(source).takeUntil(Observable.create(other));
+        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(source).takeUntil(Observable.unsafeCreate(other));
         stringObservable.subscribe(result);
         source.sendOnNext("one");
         source.sendOnNext("two");
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public void testTakeUntilSourceCompleted() {
         TestObservable other = new TestObservable(sOther);
 
         Observer<String> result = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.create(source).takeUntil(Observable.create(other));
+        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(source).takeUntil(Observable.unsafeCreate(other));
         stringObservable.subscribe(result);
         source.sendOnNext("one");
         source.sendOnNext("two");
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public void testTakeUntilSourceError() {
         Throwable error = new Throwable();
 
         Observer<String> result = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.create(source).takeUntil(Observable.create(other));
+        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(source).takeUntil(Observable.unsafeCreate(other));
         stringObservable.subscribe(result);
         source.sendOnNext("one");
         source.sendOnNext("two");
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public void testTakeUntilOtherError() {
         Throwable error = new Throwable();
 
         Observer<String> result = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.create(source).takeUntil(Observable.create(other));
+        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(source).takeUntil(Observable.unsafeCreate(other));
         stringObservable.subscribe(result);
         source.sendOnNext("one");
         source.sendOnNext("two");
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ public void testTakeUntilOtherCompleted() {
         TestObservable other = new TestObservable(sOther);
 
         Observer<String> result = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.create(source).takeUntil(Observable.create(other));
+        Observable<String> stringObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(source).takeUntil(Observable.unsafeCreate(other));
         stringObservable.subscribe(result);
         source.sendOnNext("one");
         source.sendOnNext("two");
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeWhileTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeWhileTest.java
index 0a3cd3ec94..2537e0e807 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeWhileTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTakeWhileTest.java
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public Boolean call(String input) {
 
     @Test
     public void testTakeWhileDoesntLeakErrors() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 observer.onNext("one");
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ public void testTakeWhileProtectsPredicateCall() {
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> take = Observable.create(source).takeWhile(new Func1<String, Boolean>() {
+        Observable<String> take = Observable.unsafeCreate(source).takeWhile(new Func1<String, Boolean>() {
             @Override
             public Boolean call(String s) {
                 throw testException;
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public void testUnsubscribeAfterTake() {
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> observer = mock(Observer.class);
-        Observable<String> take = Observable.create(w).takeWhile(new Func1<String, Boolean>() {
+        Observable<String> take = Observable.unsafeCreate(w).takeWhile(new Func1<String, Boolean>() {
             int index;
 
             @Override
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorThrottleFirstTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorThrottleFirstTest.java
index f608cb22c6..4908efc534 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorThrottleFirstTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorThrottleFirstTest.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public void before() {
 
     @Test
     public void testThrottlingWithCompleted() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 publishNext(observer, 100, "one");    // publish as it's first
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
 
     @Test
     public void testThrottlingWithError() {
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 Exception error = new TestException();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutTests.java
index 3071d78f6d..fba5b1d6c5 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutTests.java
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public void shouldTimeoutIfSynchronizedObservableEmitFirstOnNextNotWithinTimeout
 
             @Override
             public void run() {
-                Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) {
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public void shouldUnsubscribeFromUnderlyingSubscriptionOnTimeout() throws Interr
         // From https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/pull/951
         final Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
 
-        Observable<String> never = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> never = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.add(s);
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ public void shouldUnsubscribeFromUnderlyingSubscriptionOnImmediatelyComplete() {
         // From https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/pull/951
         final Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
 
-        Observable<String> immediatelyComplete = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> immediatelyComplete = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.add(s);
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ public void shouldUnsubscribeFromUnderlyingSubscriptionOnImmediatelyErrored() th
         // From https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/pull/951
         final Subscription s = mock(Subscription.class);
 
-        Observable<String> immediatelyError = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> immediatelyError = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.add(s);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutWithSelectorTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutWithSelectorTest.java
index d2d0e2e567..50ce9e5865 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutWithSelectorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorTimeoutWithSelectorTest.java
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ public void testTimeoutSelectorWithTimeoutAndOnNextRaceCondition() throws Interr
             public Observable<Integer> call(Integer t1) {
                 if (t1 == 1) {
                     // Force "unsubscribe" run on another thread
-                    return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+                    return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                         @Override
                         public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
                             enteredTimeoutOne.countDown();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorUnsubscribeOnTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorUnsubscribeOnTest.java
index 8e4317af40..fe8d664122 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorUnsubscribeOnTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorUnsubscribeOnTest.java
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public void testUnsubscribeWhenSubscribeOnAndUnsubscribeOnAreOnSameThread() thro
         try {
             final ThreadSubscription subscription = new ThreadSubscription();
             final AtomicReference<Thread> subscribeThread = new AtomicReference<Thread>();
-            Observable<Integer> w = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable<Integer> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public void testUnsubscribeWhenSubscribeOnAndUnsubscribeOnAreOnDifferentThreads(
         try {
             final ThreadSubscription subscription = new ThreadSubscription();
             final AtomicReference<Thread> subscribeThread = new AtomicReference<Thread>();
-            Observable<Integer> w = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable<Integer> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> t1) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithSizeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithSizeTest.java
index 7f74cd1ee0..2e9b718e67 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithSizeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithSizeTest.java
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ public void onCompleted() {
     }
 
     public static Observable<Integer> hotStream() {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> s) {
                 while (!s.isUnsubscribed()) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithStartEndObservableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithStartEndObservableTest.java
index 858465a877..eeb47b89be 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithStartEndObservableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithStartEndObservableTest.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public void testObservableBasedOpenerAndCloser() {
         final List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
         final List<List<String>> lists = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
 
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 10);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
             }
         });
 
-        Observable<Object> openings = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+        Observable<Object> openings = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
                 push(observer, new Object(), 50);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
         Func1<Object, Observable<Object>> closer = new Func1<Object, Observable<Object>>() {
             @Override
             public Observable<Object> call(Object opening) {
-                return Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+                return Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
                         push(observer, new Object(), 100);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void testObservableBasedCloser() {
         final List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
         final List<List<String>> lists = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
 
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 10);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
             int calls;
             @Override
             public Observable<Object> call() {
-                return Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+                return Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Object>() {
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Object> observer) {
                         int c = calls++;
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithTimeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithTimeTest.java
index 71a59ff510..78500db578 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithTimeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorWindowWithTimeTest.java
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public void testTimedAndCount() {
         final List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
         final List<List<String>> lists = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
 
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 10);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public void testTimed() {
         final List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
         final List<List<String>> lists = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
 
-        Observable<String> source = Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
                 push(observer, "one", 98);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorZipTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorZipTest.java
index 908f44a23d..5f4b06bcbe 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorZipTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/OperatorZipTest.java
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void testStartpingDifferentLengthObservableSequences1() {
         TestObservable w2 = new TestObservable();
         TestObservable w3 = new TestObservable();
 
-        Observable<String> zipW = Observable.zip(Observable.create(w1), Observable.create(w2), Observable.create(w3), getConcat3StringsZipr());
+        Observable<String> zipW = Observable.zip(Observable.unsafeCreate(w1), Observable.unsafeCreate(w2), Observable.unsafeCreate(w3), getConcat3StringsZipr());
         zipW.subscribe(w);
 
         /* simulate sending data */
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ public void testStartpingDifferentLengthObservableSequences2() {
         TestObservable w2 = new TestObservable();
         TestObservable w3 = new TestObservable();
 
-        Observable<String> zipW = Observable.zip(Observable.create(w1), Observable.create(w2), Observable.create(w3), getConcat3StringsZipr());
+        Observable<String> zipW = Observable.zip(Observable.unsafeCreate(w1), Observable.unsafeCreate(w2), Observable.unsafeCreate(w3), getConcat3StringsZipr());
         zipW.subscribe(w);
 
         /* simulate sending data */
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ public boolean hasNext() {
     Observable<Integer> OBSERVABLE_OF_5_INTEGERS = OBSERVABLE_OF_5_INTEGERS(new AtomicInteger());
 
     Observable<Integer> OBSERVABLE_OF_5_INTEGERS(final AtomicInteger numEmitted) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> o) {
@@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@ public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> o) {
     }
 
     Observable<Integer> ASYNC_OBSERVABLE_OF_INFINITE_INTEGERS(final CountDownLatch latch) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/SafeSubscriberTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/SafeSubscriberTest.java
index cf71a8f5d1..57fc3446bc 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/SafeSubscriberTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/operators/SafeSubscriberTest.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public class SafeSubscriberTest {
     @Test
     public void testOnNextAfterOnError() {
         TestObservable t = new TestObservable();
-        Observable<String> st = Observable.create(t);
+        Observable<String> st = Observable.unsafeCreate(t);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> w = mock(Observer.class);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public void testOnNextAfterOnError() {
     @Test
     public void testOnCompletedAfterOnError() {
         TestObservable t = new TestObservable();
-        Observable<String> st = Observable.create(t);
+        Observable<String> st = Observable.unsafeCreate(t);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> w = mock(Observer.class);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public void testOnCompletedAfterOnError() {
     @Test
     public void testOnNextAfterOnCompleted() {
         TestObservable t = new TestObservable();
-        Observable<String> st = Observable.create(t);
+        Observable<String> st = Observable.unsafeCreate(t);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> w = mock(Observer.class);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public void testOnNextAfterOnCompleted() {
     @Test
     public void testOnErrorAfterOnCompleted() {
         TestObservable t = new TestObservable();
-        Observable<String> st = Observable.create(t);
+        Observable<String> st = Observable.unsafeCreate(t);
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<String> w = mock(Observer.class);
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/internal/producers/ProducersTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/internal/producers/ProducersTest.java
index f41fcda71a..46533b8ada 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/internal/producers/ProducersTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/internal/producers/ProducersTest.java
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ public void testObserverArbiterAsync() {
                 .map(plus(40))
         );
 
-        Observable<Long> source = Observable.create(
+        Observable<Long> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(
             new SwitchTimer<Long>(timers, 550,
             TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, test));
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribeTest.java
index a711d92c91..d344532aae 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/observables/AsyncOnSubscribeTest.java
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public void testSubscribedByBufferingOperator() {
             public void call(Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends Integer>> observer) {
                 observer.onNext(Observable.range(1, requested.intValue()));
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).observeOn(scheduler).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).observeOn(scheduler).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(RxRingBuffer.SIZE);
         scheduler.advanceTimeBy(10, TimeUnit.DAYS);
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
             public void call(Integer t) {
                 lastState.set(t);
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1); // [[1]], state = 1
         subscriber.requestMore(2); // [[1]], state = 2
         subscriber.requestMore(3); // onComplete, state = 3
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ public void testOnCompleteOuter() throws InterruptedException {
             public void call(Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends Integer>> observer) {
                 observer.onCompleted();
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
         subscriber.assertCompleted();
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ public void call(Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends Integer>> observe
                 observer.onNext(Observable.just(2));
             }
         });
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertError(IllegalStateException.class);
         subscriber.assertNotCompleted();
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ public void testThrowException() throws InterruptedException {
             public void call(Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends Integer>> observer) {
                 throw new TestException();
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertError(TestException.class);
         subscriber.assertNotCompleted();
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 observer.onCompleted();
                 throw new TestException();
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
         subscriber.assertCompleted();
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 observer.onNext(Observable.just(1));
                 return 1;
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
         subscriber.assertCompleted();
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 observer.onNext(Observable.just(1));
                 return 1;
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertError(TestException.class);
         subscriber.assertNotCompleted();
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 observer.onCompleted();
                 return state;
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
         subscriber.assertCompleted();
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 return state;
             }
         });
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertError(TestException.class);
         subscriber.assertNotCompleted();
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 return state;
             }
         });
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1);
         subscriber.assertCompleted();
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ public void call() {
                 observer.onNext(o1);
                 return state + 1;
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
         subscriber.requestMore(1); // [[1]]
         subscriber.requestMore(2); // [[2]]
         subscriber.requestMore(2); // onCompleted
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ public void call() {
                     }
                     return state + 1;
                 }});
-        Subscription subscription = Observable.create(os)
+        Subscription subscription = Observable.unsafeCreate(os)
             .observeOn(scheduler, 1)
             .subscribe(subscriber);
         sub.set(subscription);
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Long requested, Observer<Observable<? extends
                 }
                 return state + 1;
             }});
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(subscriber);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(subscriber);
 
         subscriber.assertNoErrors();
         subscriber.assertNotCompleted();
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/observables/BlockingObservableTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/observables/BlockingObservableTest.java
index dfb57d26ff..fc802f978a 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/observables/BlockingObservableTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/observables/BlockingObservableTest.java
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ public void testToIterableManyTimes() {
 
     @Test(expected = TestException.class)
     public void testToIterableWithException() {
-        BlockingObservable<String> obs = BlockingObservable.from(Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        BlockingObservable<String> obs = BlockingObservable.from(Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
     @Test
     public void testForEachWithError() {
         try {
-            BlockingObservable.from(Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
+            BlockingObservable.from(Observable.unsafeCreate(new Observable.OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ public Boolean call(String args) {
     @Test
     public void testSingleOrDefaultUnsubscribe() throws InterruptedException {
         final CountDownLatch unsubscribe = new CountDownLatch(1);
-        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
                 subscriber.add(Subscriptions.create(new Action0() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribeTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribeTest.java
index 630561b0a3..a219e1d7b7 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribeTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/observables/SyncOnSubscribeTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
 
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(ts);
 
         ts.assertNoErrors();
         ts.assertTerminalEvent();
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public void call(Integer t) {
 
         TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = new TestSubscriber<Integer>();
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(ts);
 
         ts.assertNoErrors();
         ts.assertTerminalEvent();
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, times(1)).onNext(1);
         verify(o, never()).onNext(2);
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, times(1)).onNext(1);
         verify(o, times(1)).onCompleted();
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, times(1)).onNext(1);
         verify(o, times(1)).onCompleted();
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, times(1)).onNext(1);
         verify(o, never()).onCompleted();
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onNext(any(Integer.class));
         verify(o, never()).onError(any(Throwable.class));
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
             }});
 
 
-        Observable<Integer> neverObservable = Observable.create(os).subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread());
+        Observable<Integer> neverObservable = Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread());
         Observable<? extends Number> merged = Observable.amb(neverObservable, Observable.timer(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS).subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread()));
         Iterator<? extends Number> values = merged.toBlocking().toIterable().iterator();
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onNext(any(Integer.class));
         verify(o, never()).onCompleted();
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onNext(any(Integer.class));
         verify(o, times(1)).onCompleted();
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public void onStart() {
             }
         };
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(ts);
 
         ts.requestMore(1);
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onNext(any(Integer.class));
         verify(o).onError(any(TestException.class));
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Observer<? super Integer> subscriber) {
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(o);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onError(any(TestException.class));
         inOrder.verify(o, times(count)).onNext(any(Integer.class));
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ public Iterator<Integer> call(Iterator<Integer> it, Observer<? super Integer> ob
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(o);
 
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onError(any(TestException.class));
         inOrder.verify(o, times(n)).onNext(any());
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Observer<? super Integer> observer) {
         Observer<Object> o = mock(Observer.class);
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(o);
 
-        Observable.create(os).take(finalCount).subscribe(o);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).take(finalCount).subscribe(o);
 
         verify(o, never()).onError(any(Throwable.class));
         inOrder.verify(o, times(finalCount)).onNext(any());
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Observer<? super Integer> observer) {
                 onUnSubscribe);
 
         TestSubscriber<Object> ts = new TestSubscriber<Object>(0);
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(ts);
 
         ts.requestMore(finalCount);
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Observer<? super Integer> observer) {
 
         TestSubscriber<Object> ts = new TestSubscriber<Object>(o);
 
-        Observable.create(os).take(1).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).take(1).subscribe(ts);
 
         verify(o, never()).onError(any(Throwable.class));
         verify(onUnSubscribe, times(1)).call(any(Integer.class));
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer state, Observer<? super Integer> observer) {
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(o);
 
         final TestSubscriber<Object> ts = new TestSubscriber<Object>(o);
-        Observable.create(os).subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread()).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribeOn(Schedulers.newThread()).subscribe(ts);
 
         // wait until the first request has started processing
         if (!l2.await(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ public void call() {
 
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
         final TestSubscriber<Object> ts = new TestSubscriber<Object>(o);
-        Observable.create(os).lift(new Operator<Void, Void>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).lift(new Operator<Void, Void>() {
             @Override
             public Subscriber<? super Void> call(final Subscriber<? super Void> subscriber) {
                 return new Subscriber<Void>(subscriber) {
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ public Map<Object, Object> call(Map<Object, Object> state, Observer<? super Inte
                 }},
             onUnSubscribe);
 
-        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.create(os);
+        Observable<Integer> source = Observable.unsafeCreate(os);
         for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
             source.subscribe();
         }
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ public void call(Integer t) {
             subs.add(ts);
         }
         TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
-        Observable<Integer> o2 = Observable.create(os).subscribeOn(scheduler);
+        Observable<Integer> o2 = Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribeOn(scheduler);
         for (Subscriber<Object> ts : subs) {
             o2.subscribe(ts);
         }
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ public Integer call(Integer calls, Observer<? super Integer> observer) {
         TestSubscriber<Object> ts = new TestSubscriber<Object>();
 
         TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
-        Observable.create(os).observeOn(scheduler).subscribe(ts);
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).observeOn(scheduler).subscribe(ts);
 
         scheduler.triggerActions();
         ts.awaitTerminalEvent();
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ public void call(Observer<? super Integer> observer) {
                     }},
                 onUnSubscribe);
         final AtomicReference<Throwable> exception = new AtomicReference<Throwable>();
-        Observable.create(os).subscribe(new Subscriber<Integer>() {
+        Observable.unsafeCreate(os).subscribe(new Subscriber<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void onCompleted() {
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/observers/SerializedObserverTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/observers/SerializedObserverTest.java
index b53ac9fd5d..83f49ecd52 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/observers/SerializedObserverTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/observers/SerializedObserverTest.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ private Observer<String> serializedObserver(Observer<String> o) {
     @Test
     public void testSingleThreadedBasic() {
         TestSingleThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestSingleThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
         Observer<String> aw = serializedObserver(observer);
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public void testSingleThreadedBasic() {
     @Test
     public void testMultiThreadedBasic() {
         TestMultiThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestMultiThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three");
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
         BusyObserver busyObserver = new BusyObserver();
         Observer<String> aw = serializedObserver(busyObserver);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public void testMultiThreadedBasic() {
     @Test(timeout = 1000)
     public void testMultiThreadedWithNPE() throws InterruptedException {
         TestMultiThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestMultiThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three", null);
-        Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+        Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
         BusyObserver busyObserver = new BusyObserver();
         Observer<String> aw = serializedObserver(busyObserver);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ public void testMultiThreadedWithNPEinMiddle() {
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             TestMultiThreadedObservable onSubscribe = new TestMultiThreadedObservable("one", "two", "three", null,
                     "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine");
-            Observable<String> w = Observable.create(onSubscribe);
+            Observable<String> w = Observable.unsafeCreate(onSubscribe);
 
             BusyObserver busyObserver = new BusyObserver();
             Observer<String> aw = serializedObserver(busyObserver);
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ private static void waitOnThreads(Future<?>... futures) {
     }
 
     private static Observable<String> infinite(final AtomicInteger produced) {
-        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> s) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerConcurrencyTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerConcurrencyTests.java
index a7cec8ab86..1a9541997c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerConcurrencyTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerConcurrencyTests.java
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ public void testRecursionAndOuterUnsubscribe() throws InterruptedException {
         final CountDownLatch completionLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
         final Worker inner = getScheduler().createWorker();
         try {
-            Observable<Integer> obs = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+            Observable<Integer> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> observer) {
                     inner.schedule(new Action0() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerTests.java b/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerTests.java
index 5875328d70..ff5c94071a 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerTests.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/AbstractSchedulerTests.java
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ public void call() {
 
     @Test
     public final void testRecursiveSchedulerInObservable() {
-        Observable<Integer> obs = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
+        Observable<Integer> obs = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super Integer> observer) {
                 final Scheduler.Worker inner = getScheduler().createWorker();
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ public void call(Integer v) {
     public final void testConcurrentOnNextFailsValidation() throws InterruptedException {
         final int count = 10;
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(count);
-        Observable<String> o = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+        Observable<String> o = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
             @Override
             public void call(final Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public final void testSubscribeOnNestedConcurrency() throws InterruptedException
 
                     @Override
                     public Observable<String> call(final String v) {
-                        return Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
+                        return Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<String>() {
 
                             @Override
                             public void call(Subscriber<? super String> observer) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/TestSchedulerTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/TestSchedulerTest.java
index 6c7b76e28e..f26939d5bf 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/TestSchedulerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/schedulers/TestSchedulerTest.java
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public final void testNestedSchedule() {
             final Action0 calledOp = mock(Action0.class);
 
             Observable<Object> poller;
-            poller = Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Object>() {
+            poller = Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Object>() {
                 @Override
                 public void call(final Subscriber<? super Object> aSubscriber) {
                     inner.schedule(new Action0() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectBoundedConcurrencyTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectBoundedConcurrencyTest.java
index 72149ee677..954a9b8950 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectBoundedConcurrencyTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectBoundedConcurrencyTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public void testReplaySubjectConcurrentSubscribersDoingReplayDontBlockEachOther(
 
             @Override
             public void run() {
-                Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+                Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> o) {
diff --git a/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectConcurrencyTest.java b/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectConcurrencyTest.java
index 5e1c350462..69b4c8cf69 100644
--- a/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectConcurrencyTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/rx/subjects/ReplaySubjectConcurrencyTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public void testReplaySubjectConcurrentSubscribersDoingReplayDontBlockEachOther(
 
             @Override
             public void run() {
-                Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+                Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> o) {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ public static void concurrencyTest(final ReplaySubject<Long> replay) throws Inte
 
             @Override
             public void run() {
-                Observable.create(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
+                Observable.unsafeCreate(new OnSubscribe<Long>() {
 
                     @Override
                     public void call(Subscriber<? super Long> o) {